Ethnic Chrysalis
豆瓣
China’s Orochen People and the Legacy of Qing Borderland Administration
Loretta E. Kim
简介
Ethnic Chrysalis is the first book in English to cover the early modern history of the Orochen, an ethnic group that has for centuries inhabited areas now belonging to the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was a formative period for Orochen identity, and its actions preserved the Orochen as a separate ethnic group. While incorporating the Orochen into the imperial political domain through military conscription and compulsory resource extraction, the Qing government created two Orochen subgroups that experienced disparate levels of social and economic autonomy. The use of “Orochen” as an official modifier by Qing officials forms an early layer of the chrysalis that embodies various senses of ethnic identity for people who have been identified, or self‐identified, as Orochen. Since the Qing, the Orochen have continued to cherish the perception that their Qing‐period ancestors were key players in the defense and economy of northeast China. Tracing the evolution of Qing policies toward the Orochen along the Chinese–Russian borderland, Loretta Kim examines how the impact of political organization in one era can endure in a group’s social and cultural values.
目录
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Conventions for Transliteration, Dates, and Measurements
Personnel Ranks and Units in the Qing Military and Civil Bureaucracies
Introduction
1. From Tribe to Banner, Domain to Region
2. The Heilongjiang Administrative Region
3. Multipurpose Specialists
4. The Finale of the Frontier
5. Region, Heritage, and Belonging
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Illustrations and Tables
Map. The Manchuria–Siberia Border and Major Garrisons of Heilongjiang during the Qing Dynasty
Figures
1. “Kumar Road” Sign, Xinsheng Orochen Ethnic Township, Heilongjiang
2. Contemporary Orochen House, Xinsheng Orochen Ethnic Township, Heilongjiang
3. Orochen Clay Figurines, Former Residence of Xue Fucheng, Wuxi, Jiangsu
Tables
2.1. Types and Amounts of Non-Fur Tribute Collected in Heilongjiang
2.2. Sable Pelt Tribute Collected in Heilongjiang in 1697 and 1701
3.1. Outposts in the Amur River Region (East of the Qing–Russian Border)
3.2. Distribution of Units in the Butha Banners in 1730
3.3. Livestock Allowances for Hulun Buir–Bound Troops by Rank
3.4. Troop Migration to Hulun Buir (Excluding Dependents)
3.5. Heilongjiang Region Garrison Personnel in the Late Eighteenth Century
4.1. Number and Quantity of Pelts Submitted as Tribute, 1797–1895
5.1. Routes, Companies, Surnames, and Cin (Qian) Classifications
5.2. Staple Foods Brought to Orochen Villages by Anda