The Mamluk Sultanate
豆瓣
A History
Carl F. Petry
简介
The Mamluk Sultanate ruled Egypt, Syria and the Arabian hinterland along the Red Sea. Lasting from the deposition of the Ayyubid dynasty (c. 1250) to the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, this regime of slave-soldiers incorporated many of the political structures and cultural traditions of its Fatimid and Ayyubid predecessors. Yet its system of governance and centralisation of authority represented radical departures from the hierarchies of power that predated it. Providing a rich and comprehensive survey of events from the Sultanate's founding to the Ottoman occupation, this interdisciplinary book explores the Sultanate's identity and heritage after the Mongol conquests, the expedience of conspiratorial politics, and the close symbiosis of the military elite and civil bureaucracy. Carl F. Petry also considers the statecraft, foreign policy, economy and cultural legacy of the Sultanate, and its interaction with polities throughout the central Islamic world and beyond. In doing so, Petry reveals how the Mamluk Sultanate can be regarded as a significant experiment in the history of state-building within the pre-modern Islamic world.
目录
List of Figures List of Maps
Introduction
1 Synopsis of Events The Mamluk Institution
Ayyubid Origins (521/1127–647/1249)
From Junta to Sultanate: A Tumultuous Decade (647/1249–658/1260)
The Reign of al-Zahir Baybars al-Bunduqdari (658/1260–676/1277)
The Qalawunid Succession and Quasi-Dynasty (676/1277–709/1310)
The Third Reign of al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun (709/1310–741/1341) The Qalawunid Lineage: Figureheads and Power Brokers (741/1341–784/1382) Al-Zahir Barquq and Establishment of the “Circassian” Regime
(784/1382–801/1399)
The Reigns of Faraj and Shaykh: Rivalry, Invasion, Reconsolidation
(801/1399–825/1422)
The Reign of al-Ashraf Barsbay (825/1422–841/1438) From Jaqmaq to Qayitbay: Upholding the Status Quo
(842/1438–872/1468)
The Reigns of al-Ashraf Qayitbay and Successors (872/1468–906/1501) The Reigns of Qansawh al-Ghawri, al-Ashraf Tuman Bay, and the Ottoman
Conquest (906/1501–923/1517)
2 Ethos of the “Slave-Soldiers” Regime Cadets in Training: Inculcating a Ruling Class Organization, Ranks, and Titles
Offices and Conditions of Service
Legacy, “Conspiracy,” or Both?
3 The Mamluk Sultanate from a Global Perspective Statecraft
The Syrian Littoral: Suzerainty versus Autonomy Al-Hijaz: The Hasanid Sharifate between Mamluk Amirs
and Clan Rivals
The East Anatolian Marches: Mamluk Suzerainty, Local Ferment Challengers to Mamluk Suzerainty from Iran
The Ottomans: Contesting the Status Quo
The Europeans: Transit, Commerce, Profit, and Piracy 110 Africa beyond the Sultanate: Takrur, Abyssinia, and the Maghrib 117 Retrospect 128
4 Vocational Classes: Bureaucrats, Magistrates,
Scholastics, Clerics 129 The Bureaucracy 129 The Civil Judiciary 135 Scholastic Practice 143 Custodians of Religion 147 Sufi Mystics 152
5 The Political Economy: Contexts of Innovation 154 Agriculture and Husbandry 155 Administration and Taxation 158 Fiscal Dilemmas, Counteractive Remedies 165 Interregional Commerce 172 The European Presence: Competition and Cooption 176 The Domestic Economy 178 Privatized Assets, Clandestine Revenues 185 Agents of Procurement 194 Privatization of Charitable Trusts 196 Addendum: Currency 200
6 Cultural Legacy: Patronage, Audience, Genres, Historiography 203 Patronage and Authorship 203 Change in Literary Culture and Growth of Audiences 213 Poetry: Formal Canons, Popular Modes 216 Prose: The Chancery Orbit, Popularization, and Alf Layla wa-Layla 220 The Growth of Historiography 223 Concluding Thoughts 240
7 The Rural Environment, Gendered Issues, Minority Communities,
Sufi Practice 243 The Rural Environment 243 Gendered Issues 249 Infractions Linked to Gender 257 Communal Status of Minorities: Christians and Jews 259 Religious Diversity and Sufi Practice 269
Reflections 279
Notes 283 Bibliography 301 Index 347