研究计划|数学与物理科学部分

Das Gespenst

Das Gespenst @Das_Gespenst

3 本书  

伟大的数学家高斯有一句著名的话:“数学是诸科学的皇后。”事实上,和其不少厌恶数学的不肖徒子徒孙不同,马克思也认为一种科学只有成功地运用数学时,才算达到了真正完善的地步。显然,马克思这里所指的显然不仅是狭义上的“科学”——即自然科学,也包括他自己投入一辈子心血的社会科学。No person who is seriously interested in understanding the real world can afford to ignore mathematics.我们这里选择了对从哲学层面理解数学本身来说比较重要的集合论和数理逻辑,以及其他对于物理学、经济学和计算机科学等有直接应用的数学领域,并讲数学与物理学交叉安排以便进一步掌握数学的来源及应用。

对于一个唯物主义者来说,物理科学——即物理学和化学——自然当在理解这物质世界的任务中占据根本的地位。这其中尤其重要的又属基础物理学——即研究物质世界的最基础物质构成和其服从的最底层物理定律的物理学领域。宇宙学是物理学的另一个重要分支,它告诉我们宇宙的形成过程及其未来,提供关于人类历史的最大尺度的舞台的信息;不过我们这部分将不包括宇宙学,它将被置于自然史部分的开头。

化学则对于我们了解地球上的物质构成、生命的运作以及人类的技术都非常重要。

1.数学及基础物理学概览

数学是什么?这个问题当然无法简单回答,不过在数学学习的开始我们仍然不妨通过一些概论性的(特别是采取历史性的视角的)资料来获得一幅初步的图像。

当代的基础物理学到底对宇宙的演化、最基本的构成和规律达到了怎样的理解?可以在深入之前先通过科普有个大概的了解,好对我们的目标心中有数。

1.3.《The Road to Reality》补充文章:

Physics Nobel Awarded for Black Hole Breakthroughs,Natalie Wolchover,《Quanta Magazine》 https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics-nobel-awarded-for-black-hole-breakthroughs-20201006/

介绍了彭罗斯及其他2020年诺贝尔奖得主关于黑洞的开创性的获奖工作。

持续施工中~

Mathematics [图书] 豆瓣 豆瓣
作者: A. D. Aleksandrov / A. N. Kolmogorov Dover Publications 1999 - 7 其它标题: Mathematics
". . . Nothing less than a major contribution to the scientific culture of this world." — The New York Times Book Review
This major survey of mathematics, featuring the work of 18 outstanding Russian mathematicians and including material on both elementary and advanced levels, encompasses 20 prime subject areas in mathematics in terms of their simple origins and their subsequent sophisticated developement. As Professor Morris Kline of New York University noted, "This unique work presents the amazing panorama of mathematics proper. It is the best answer in print to what mathematics contains both on the elementary and advanced levels."
Beginning with an overview and analysis of mathematics, the first of three major divisions of the book progresses to an exploration of analytic geometry, algebra, and ordinary differential equations. The second part introduces partial differential equations, along with theories of curves and surfaces, the calculus of variations, and functions of a complex variable. It furthur examines prime numbers, the theory of probability, approximations, and the role of computers in mathematics. The theory of functions of a real variable opens the final section, followed by discussions of linear algebra and nonEuclidian geometry, topology, functional analysis, and groups and other algebraic systems.
Thorough, coherent explanations of each topic are further augumented by numerous illustrative figures, and every chapter concludes with a suggested reading list. Formerly issued as a three-volume set, this mathematical masterpiece is now available in a convenient and modestly priced one-volume edition, perfect for study or reference.
"This is a masterful English translation of a stupendous and formidable mathematical masterpiece . . ." — Social Science
Comments From The Esteemed Professor Morris Kline of New York University
This unique work presents the amazing panorama of mathematics proper. It is the best answer in print to what mathematics contains both on the elementary and advanced levels."
Review From "The Mathematics Teacher
"An excellent reference set for bright high school students and beginning college students . . . also of value to their teachers for lucid discussions and many good elementary examples in both familiar and unfamiliar branches. The intelligentsia of laymen who care to tackle more than today's popular magazine articles on mathematics will find many rewarding introductions to subjects of current interest."
Critical Acclaim for Mathematics: Its Content, Methods and Meaning:In effect, these volumes present a do-it-yourself course for the person who would like to know what the chief fields of modern mathematics are all about but who does not aspire to be a professional mathematician or a professional user of mathematics. The coverage is extremely wide, including such important areas as linear algebra, group theory, functional analysis, ordinary and partial differential equations, the theory of functions of real and complex variables, and related subjects. . . . What makes these volumes so readable as compared with usual mathematics textbooks is the emphasis here upon basic concepts and results rather than upon the intricate and wearying proofs that make such demands in conventional textbooks and courses. There are proofs in these volumes, but usually they are presented only for the most important results, and even then to emphasize key areas and to illustrate the kind of methodology employed. . . . It is hard to imagine that any intelligent American with a curious mind and some good recollection of his high school and college mathematics would not find many entrancing discoveries in the intellectual gold mine that is this work." —The New York Times Book Review
"An excellent reference set for bright high school students and beginning college students . . . also of value to their teachers for lucid discussions and many good elementary examples in both familiar and unfamiliar branches. The intelligentsia of laymen who care to tackle more than today's popular magazine articles on mathematics will find many rewarding introductions to subjects of current interest." — The Mathematics Teacher
"Whether a physicist wishes to know what a Lie algebra is or how it is related to a Lie group, or an undergraduate would like to begin the study of homology, or a crystallographer is interested in Fedorov groups, or an engineer in probability, or any scientist in computing machines, he will find here a connected, lucid account." — Science
Formerly issued as a three-volume set, now 1 volume; Over 1100 pages!
Reprint of the three-volume work by The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1963.
This major survey of mathematics, featuring the work of 18 outstanding Russian mathematicians and including material on both elementary and advanced levels, encompasses 20 prime subject areas in mathematics in terms of their simple origins and their subsequent sophisticated development.
Das Gespenst: 1.1.苏联数学家集体编撰的普及性数学概览,虽然受到的评价很高,但是本书写于56年,因而对20世纪后半叶的数学发展和当代数学状况的介绍或有不足。看preface、foreward和第一章:即从数学史角度写的数学概论。
The Mathematical Century [图书] 豆瓣
作者: Piergiorgio Odifreddi 译者: Arturo Sangalli Princeton University Press 2006 - 10
The twentieth century was a time of unprecedented development in mathematics, as well as in all sciences: more theorems were proved and results found in a hundred years than in all of previous history. In "The Mathematical Century", Piergiorgio Odifreddi distills this unwieldy mass of knowledge into a fascinating and authoritative overview of the subject. He concentrates on thirty highlights of pure and applied mathematics. Each tells the story of an exciting problem, from its historical origins to its modern solution, in lively prose free of technical details. Odifreddi opens by discussing the four main philosophical foundations of mathematics of the nineteenth century and ends by describing the four most important open mathematical problems of the twenty-first century.In presenting the thirty problems at the heart of the book he devotes equal attention to pure and applied mathematics, with applications ranging from physics and computer science to biology and economics. Special attention is dedicated to the famous '23 problems' outlined by David Hilbert in his address to the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900 as a research program for the new century, and to the work of the winners of the Fields Medal, the equivalent of a Nobel prize in mathematics. This eminently readable book will be treasured not only by students and their teachers but also by all those who seek to make sense of the elusive macrocosm of twentieth-century mathematics.
Das Gespenst: 1.2.意大利数学家所著的、面向一般读者的对20世纪数学的介绍。虽然21世纪已经过去了4分之1,但是或许可说当代数学的面貌还是主要在20世纪形成的?故对20世纪的数学有所了解就意味着对“数学是什么”这一问题的当代回答有个大概的概念。
The Road to Reality [图书] 豆瓣 Goodreads
作者: Roger Penrose Vintage 2007 - 1
Roger Penrose, one of the most accomplished scientists of our time, presents the only comprehensive and comprehensible account of the physics of the universe. From the very first attempts by the Greeks to grapple with the complexities of our known world to the latest application of infinity in physics, The Road to Reality carefully explores the movement of the smallest atomic particles and reaches into the vastness of intergalactic space. Here, Penrose examines the mathematical foundations of the physical universe, exposing the underlying beauty of physics and giving us one the most important works in modern science writing.
Das Gespenst: 1.3.由在理论上证明了黑洞在现实中可能且必然存在而获得诺贝尔奖的彭罗斯所著,可以说是当代基础物理完全科普,前半部还认真地介绍了基础物理所使用的数学语言,对于了解当代基础物理的现状和我们要学习的种种科目及学习它们的目的可以说再合适不过了。
创建日期: 2024年10月31日