Grammaticalization is a well-attested process of linguistic change in which a lexical item becomes a function word, which may be further reduced to a clitic or affix. Proponents of the universality of grammaticalization have usually argued that it is unidirectional and have thus found it a useful tool in linguistic reconstruction. In this book Prof Norde shows that change is reversible on all levels: semantic, morphological, syntactic, and phonological. As a consequence, the alleged unidirectionality of grammaticalization is not a reliable reconstructional tool, even if degrammaticalization is a rare phenomenon. Degrammaticalization, she argues, is essentially different from grammaticalization: it usually comprises a single change, examples being shifts from affix to clitic, or from function word to lexical item. And where grammaticalization can be seen as a process, degrammaticalization is often the by-product of other changes. Nevertheless, she shows that it can be described, like grammaticalization, in a principled way, in order to establish whether a change in a word has been from more to less grammatical or vice versa, and the stages by which it has become so. Using data from different languages she constructs a typology of degrammaticalization changes. She explains why degrammaticalization is so rare and why some linguists have such strongly negative feelings about the possibility of its existence. She adds to the understanding of grammaticalization and makes a significant contribution to methods of linguistic reconstruction and the study of language change. She writes clearly, aiming to be understood by advanced undergraduate students as well as appealing to scholars and graduate researchers in historical linguistics.

本教材共分12章，讨论近代汉语语法的若干基本问题，重点考察和分析近代汉语语法的一些重要语法词和句式。第一章统领全书，介绍近代汉语语法研究的基本文献和重要成果；最后一章从一般历史句法学的角度讨论近代汉语语法研究的对象、目标、理论和方法。其余各章涉及的语法词有“代词”、“助动词”、“副词”、“介词”、“连词”和“助词”，涉及句法结构(包括句式)的有“述补结构”、“被动式”、“处置式”和“疑问句”等。本教材为近代汉语语法研究构建了比较完整的学科体系，既有整体的宏观概述，又有个案的微观分析；既有共时用法的描写，也有历时演变的探讨；既注重形式上的一般考察，也关注功能或意义上的深入探索。

Comparison across formal languages is an essential part of formal linguistics. The study of closely-related varieties has proven extremely useful in comparing differences that might otherwise appear unrealted, and has helped to identify the core principles of Universal Grammar. This comprehensive handbook serves two functions. It will provide a general and theoretical introduction to comparative syntax, its methodology, and its relation to other domains of linguistic inquiry; and it will provide a systematic selection of the best comparative work being done today on those language groups and families where substantial progress has been achieved. With top-notch editors and contributors from around the world, this volume will be an essential resource for scholars and students in formal linguistics.

In this volume leading researchers present new work on the semantics and pragmatics of adjectives and adverbs, and their interfaces with syntax. Its concerns include the semantics of gradability; the relationship between adjectival scales and verbal aspect; the relationship between meaning and the positions of adjectives and adverbs in nominal and verbal projections; and the fine-grained semantics of different subclasses of adverbs and adverbs. Its goals are to provide a comprehensive vision of the linguistically significant structural and interpretive properties of adjectives and adverbs, to highlight the similarities between these two categories, and to signal the importance of a careful and detailed integration of lexical and compositional semantics. The editors open the book with an overview of current research before introducing and contextualizing the remaining chapters. The work is aimed at scholars and advanced students of syntax, semantics, formal pragmatics, and discourse. It will also appeal to researchers in philosophy, psycholinguistics, and language acquisition interested in the syntax and semantics of adjectives and adverbs.

Thinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis is a textbook designed to teach introductory students the skills of relating data to theory and theory to data. * Helps students develop their thinking and argumentation skills rather than merely introducing them to one particular version of syntactic theory. * Structured around a wide range of exercises that use clear and compelling logic to build arguments and lead up to theoretical proposals. * Data drawn from current media sources, including newspapers, books, and television programs, to help students formulate and test hypotheses. * Generative in spirit, but does not focus on specific theoretical approaches but enables students to understand and evaluate different approaches more easily. * Written by an established author with an international reputation.

《话题的结构与功能》一书曾于1998年首印，时印2150本，今已售罄。该书自出版以来在语法学界产生了很大的影响，读者反响好，引用率也很高。今准备在修订本中补充作者的两篇新作《同一性话题：话题优先语言一项更典型的属性》和《亚洲语言中的话题化现象》，以反映该领域的研究新成果。
-------
目录
序言
1 话题的概念
2 话题的结构位置
3 话题标记
4 话题的语义关系及其句法表现
5 话题的指称特点
6 话题的话语功能与话语环境
7 话题结构与汉语的语序类型
参考文献
引例书目
索引
亚洲语言中的话题化现象
同一性话题：话题优先语言一项更典型的属性

Blending the spirit of "Eats, Shoots and Leaves" with the science of "The Language Instinct," an original inquiry into the development of that most essential-and mysterious-of human creations: Language Language is mankind's greatest invention-except, of course, that it was never invented." So begins linguist Guy Deutscher's enthralling investigation into the genesis and evolution of language. If we started off with rudimentary utterances on the level of "man throw spear," how did we end up with sophisticated grammars, enormous vocabularies, and intricately nuanced degrees of meaning? Drawing on recent groundbreaking discoveries in modern linguistics, Deutscher exposes the elusive forces of creation at work in human communication, giving us fresh insight into how language emerges, evolves, and decays. He traces the evolution of linguistic complexity from an early "Me Tarzan" stage to such elaborate single-word constructions as the Turkish "sehirlilestiremediklerimizdensiniz" ("you are one of those whom we couldn't turn into a town dweller"). Arguing that destruction and creation in language are intimately entwined, Deutscher shows how these processes are continuously in operation, generating new words, new structures, and new meanings. As entertaining as it is erudite, "The Unfolding of Language" moves nimbly from ancient Babylonian to American idiom, from the central role of metaphor to the staggering triumph of design that is the Semitic verb, to tell the dramatic story and explain the genius behind a uniquely human faculty.

Product Description
Since its first publication in 1991 Liliane Haegeman's Introduction to Government and Binding Theory has become established as the most authoritative introduction to the Principles and Parameters approach to syntactic theory. This new edition has been extensively updated throughout. Major structural changes include new chapters on Functional Heads and Head Movement and on Relativized Minimality. Discussions of a number of topics missing from or not paid due attention in the first edition have been integrated or expanded, for example: the structure of small clauses (in chaprer 2), chain formation (in chapter 6), and reconstruction, multiple movement, wh-absorption, Full Interpretation, and expletive replacement (in chapter 9). The copious exercises have been revised to increase potential for creativty and flexibility of approach. New exericases highlight further controversial issues. In short, this book offers a complete, updated introduction to the current state of Government and Binding Theory, suitable for readers with some basic knowledge of generative linguistics.
From the Back Cover
Since its first publication in 1991 Liliane Haegeman's Introduction to Government and Binding Theory has become established as the most authoritative introduction to the Principles and Parameters approach to syntactic theory. This new edition has been extensively updated throughout. Major structural changes include new chapters on Functional Heads and Head Movement and on Relativized Minimality. Discussions of a number of topics missing from or not paid due attention in the first edition have been integrated or expanded, for example: the structure of small clauses (in chaprer 2), chain formation (in chapter 6), and reconstruction, multiple movement, wh-absorption, Full Interpretation, and expletive replacement (in chapter 9). The copious exercises have been revised to increase potential for creativty and flexibility of approach. New exericases highlight further controversial issues.
In short, this book offers a complete, updated introduction to the current state of Government and Binding Theory, suitable for readers with some basic knowledge of generative linguistics.

本书是国家社科基金后期资助项目成果。本书主要利用计算语言学方法讨论了认知解读过程中的语言顿悟和折返，对多种语言中各个层面上的花园幽径现象，从认知心理、计算处理等多个角度进行了研究。研究表明递归转移网络、良构子串表和CYK算法等计算语言学的形式化方法可用于阐释具有“由行渐顿，顿而后悟，悟终复行”的花园幽径模式行进错位效应。这对了解人类对于复杂句的剖析过程、心理机制及其脑部区域有促进作用，同时对于计算机处理花园幽径句有指导意义。

简介：
《自足语义学》是当代知名哲学家赫尔曼·开普兰和厄尼·利珀尔的一部哲学力作。本书对哲学中形形色色的语境论倾向进行了系统而深入的归纳和分析，并根据不同的语境论展开了颇有针对性的批评，在此基础上提出了他们自己的哲学主张，即语义最简论和言语行为多元论
本书很巧妙地辩护了通常视为不相容的两个哲学立场：真值条件语义学和语义最简论。开普兰和利珀尔所提出的充满争议的观点，已经而且还会持续不断地成为探讨语言交流本质的核心论题。
——杰森·斯坦利，密歇根大学
开普兰和利珀尔把语境论争论中的各种脉络整理出来，并在已有的理论流派基础上提出语义最简论，他们的工作卓有成效。
——詹姆斯·希金博特姆，南加州大学
这是一个不多见而又非常复杂的哲学讨论，它意在说明戴维森的理论是如何处理语言使用中所广泛出现的语境敏感性的，很棒的哲学著作。
——保罗·彼得罗斯基，马里兰大学
目　录
主编序………………………………………………………………………………………………
译者的话……………………………………………………………………………………………
作者前言……………………………………………………………………………………………
鸣　谢………………………………………………………………………………………………
第一章　概览…………………………………………………………………………………
第一部分　从温和语境论到激进语境论…………………………………………………………
第二章　诠释：语境论者的方法论…………………………………………………………
第三章　语境转移论证的不稳定性…………………………………………………………
第四章　诊断：为什么语义学家误用语境转移论证………………………………………
第五章　不完全性论证的不稳定性…………………………………………………………
第六章　插曲：约束和隐蔽索引词…………………………………………………………
第二部分　对激进语境论的驳斥…………………………………………………………………
第七章　反驳激进语境论（一）：没有通过语境敏感性测试……………………………
第八章　反驳激进语境论（二）：致使交流无法实现……………………………………
第九章　反驳激进语境论（三）：内在矛盾………………………………………………
第三部分　语义最简论和言语行为多元论………………………………………………………
第十章　语义最简论…………………………………………………………………………
第十一章　语义学与形而上学………………………………………………………………
第十二章　语义学和心理学…………………………………………………………………
第十三章　言语行为多元论…………………………………………………………………
参考文献……………………………………………………………………………………………
索　引………………………………………………………………………………………………

This work, which has become a classic in music theory since its publication in 1983, models music understanding from the perspective of cognitive science. The point of departure is a search for a grammar of music with the aid of generative linguistics. The theory, which is illustrated with numerous examples from Western classical music, relates the aural surface of a piece to the musical structure unconsciously inferred by the experienced listener. From the viewpoint of traditional music theory, it offers many innovations in notation as well as in the substance of rhythmic and reductional theory.

本书主要用形式语义学的焦点理论，来分析句子成分之间的结构关系和语义关系；着重用数理逻辑上关于算子和变量的约束关系这种观念，来分析焦点敏感算子跟焦点之间的语义关联、及其结构限制，概括汉语焦点结构的形式特征和语义特点，构建焦点结构的句法分析程序和相应的语义解释程序，揭示汉语焦点结构对句子的语义解释产生作用的具体机制，以更有效地分析和表示汉语句子的语义结构跟形式结构之间的映射关系，推进汉语语法研究更上一个台阶。

《汉语句法学》不仅选用了现存的或可能的论述，而且运用自己的分析，对汉语的大多数结构进行解析；这些结构在过去二十五年的理论语言学中起着重要作用。《汉语句法学》涉及各种论题，包括语类、论元结构、被动句，以及照应语等。

《汉语的韵律、词法与句法(修订本)》讲述了：学科进步的一个重要标志就是“言必有据”而不“信口开河”。以前曾有这样的说法：“单音节动词加双音节名词的1+2形式显然不符合韵律要求，所以较为少见。”现在不管谁谈韵律句法，就如同谈形式句法一样，首先要问：“你的韵律要求是什么？”没头没脑的“要求”说不通了。事实上，单音节动词加双音节名词的1+2式，是汉语非常流行的韵律格式（如：开玩笑、说笑话、看电影、写大字……）。毫无疑问，即使是“韵律”，也和其他学科一样，讲究的是“法”、是科学的严密性！试想，上文所谓“少见”难道是“不符合要求”的必然结果吗？显然逻辑不通：少见的不一定不合法，合法的也不一定就多。严格地讲，不合要求的结果不应出现，岂止少见！——“合不合要求”是“有没有”的问题，“少见多见”是“使用”的问题，两者分明是学理的进步。当然，因为违背规则而不得不稍加改变才能出现的现象也是有的；因为需要改变，所以比较少见也是可以理解的。但这种“少见”和“不符合要求所以较为少见”是两回事，因为“改变”正是“服从”要求的结果——“少见”不但没有说明它们“不符合要求”，反而证明了“要求”的威力。
学科的严密更有待概念的清晰。譬如说，“不符合韵律要求也不等于绝对不说”，表面看来很客观，但实际违背了学术上的严格逻辑。因为如果某种现象和我们的规则相互冲突，那么，要么规则可能不对，要么不合规则的现象是例外（不是反例）。试想，如果真的“不符合韵律要求也不等于绝对不说”的话，那么“要求”还叫“要求”吗？如果韵律是这样，那么“不符合逻辑要求”是不是“也不等于绝对不成”呢？如果逻辑不是这样，为什么偏偏语言的规则是这样呢？这不成了语言学家有问题了吗？如果认为什么样的要求（或规则）都是这样（都不能严格），那么到底是“要求”的问题呢？还是制定、分析和处理“要求”的人的问题呢？