This important study of semantic change examines how new meanings arise through language use, especially the various ways in which speakers and writers experiment with uses of words and constructions in the flow of strategic interaction with addressees. There has been growing interest in exploring systemicities in semantic change from a number of perspectives including theories of metaphor, pragmatic inferencing, and grammaticalization. Like earlier studies, these have for the most part been based on data taken out of context. This book is a detailed examination of semantic change from the perspective of historical pragmatics and discourse analysis. Drawing on extensive corpus data from over a thousand years of English and Japanese textual history, Traugott and Dasher show that most changes in meaning originate in and are motivated by the associative flow of speech and conceptual metonymy.

从本书所呈现的研究结果看，我们的语义资源建设工作具有较强的科学性和XIAN进性，观点鲜明、论据翔实、结论可靠。其研究结果可以作为信息抽取、机器翻译、事件识别、情感分析等计算机应用的基础资源和关键技术。本书是学习或从事人工智能、自然语言理解、机器翻译、情报学、语义学等相关专业硕士、博士研究生或高年级本科生的教材或教学参考书，也可供从事该领域相关研究的人员或技术开发人员学习参考。

In the late 1960s, Berlin and Kay argued that there are commonalities of basic colour term use that extend across languages and cultures, and probably express universal features of perception and cognition. In 1992, at the Asilomar Conference Centre, visual scientists and psychologists met with linguists and anthropologists for the first time to examine how these claims have fared in the light of current knowledge. To what extent can cross-cultural regularities be explained by the operation of the human visual system? What can the study of colour categorisation tell us about concept formation? Are the Berlin-Kay results an artifact of their methods? What tools have been and should be used to probe the structure of human colour categories? In this volume, which arose from that conference but also incorporates new work, a distinguished team of contributors survey key ideas, results and techniques from the study of human colour vision, as well as field methods and theoretical interpretations drawn from linguistic anthropology.

This book explores how grammatical structure is related to meaning. The meaning of a phrase clearly depends on its constituent words and how they are combined. But how does structure contribute to meaning in natural language? Does combining adjectives with nouns (as in 'brown dog') differ semantically from combining verbs with adverbs (as in 'barked loudly')? What is the significance of combining verbs with names and quantificational expressions (as in 'Fido chased every cat')? In addressing such questions, Paul Pietroski develops a novel conception of linguistic meaning according to which the semantic contribution of combining expressions is simple and uniform across constructions. Drawing on work at the heart of contemporary debates in linguistics and philosophy, the author argues that Donald Davidson's treatment of action sentences as event descriptions should be viewed as an instructive special case of a more general semantic theory. The unified theory covers a wide range of examples, including sentences that involve quantification, plurality, descriptions of complex causal processes, and verbs that take sentential complements. Professor Pietroski also provides fresh ways of thinking about much-discussed semantic generalizations that seem to reflect innately determined aspects of human languages. Designed to be accessible to anyone with a basic knowledge of logic, Events and Semantic Architecture will interest advanced students of linguistics, philosophy, and cognitive science at graduate level and above.

吴早生等的《汉语领属结构的信息可及性研究》从语用信息视角出发，结合句法结构成分变换分析、语用语篇功能分析、语言心理认知分析和语言类型比较等方法对汉语领属结构作了较为全面的阐述：指出了名词指称性在汉语领属研究中的局限，以定位性概念来解决汉语领属结构的参照点分析；突破以往研究中割裂结构助词“的”、动态助词“的”和语气词“的”的做法，以预设特征等语用含义将其统一起来；《汉语领属结构的信息可及性研究》详尽考察了汉语领属结构中被领者前有定/无定标记主观性的语法表现，深入分析了处在被领成分位置的指示类词语、数量词语的语义、语用功能；探讨了名词化领属来源动词跟外部领属谓语动词的语义及物性、作格性，以及说话者主观移情之间的密切联系。

序
前言（代自序）
第1章　语用学与形式语用学
1.1　语用学的定位和研究概况
1.1.1 语用学的历史发源
1.1.2　语用学的定义
1.1.3 语用学与语义学的区别
1.1.4　语用学的主要研究领域和课题
1.2　形式语用学的起源和研究对象
1.3　形式之辩
1.3.1 两种“形式”
1.3.2　形式化研究的优势
第2章　形式化研究基础
2.1 自然语言的逻辑内容
2.2　集合与函项
2.2.1 集合
2.2.2 关系
2.2.3 函项
2.3　命题逻辑
2.3.1　命题联结词
2.3.2　充分必要条件
2.3.3　命题推理规则
2.4　谓词逻辑
2.4.1 一元谓词与直言命题
2.4.2　二元谓词与关系命题
2.4.3　谓词逻辑的推理规则
2.5　非经典逻辑
2.5.1　模态逻辑
2.5.2 归纳逻辑
2.5.3　溯因逻辑
2.5.4　缺省逻辑
第3章　话语表征理论与前指
3.1　从指代现象到前指
3.1.1 “指”“代”综览
3.1.2　前指分类
3.2　话语表征理论（DRT）
3.2.1　DRT产生的背景
3.2.2　DRT的理论基础
3.2.3　DRS的建构
3.2.4　DRS的语义解释
3.2.5　DRT的典型应用
3.3　前指的DRT形式方案
3.4　评价与讨论
3.4.1 懒惰代词前指和间接前指
3.4.2　歧义现象与DRS连续蕴涵中的部分前指确认
3.4.3　双重否定和否定析取
3.4.4　比例问题
3.4.5　话语中的前指
第4章　语力逻辑理论与言语行为
4.1　言语行为与言语行为理论
4.1.1　施为句与表述句
4.1.2　适宜条件
4.1.3　言语行为三分说
4.1.4　语力行为的分类
4.1.5　间接言语行为
4.2　语力行为理论
4.2.1 语力行为的基本概念
4.2.2　语力的基本组成
4.2.3　语力行为的重新分类
4.3　言语行为的语力逻辑（ILT）形式方案
4.3.1　ILT中的基本概念和逻辑实体
4.3.2　语力七要素的形式定义
4.3.3　五类语力的形式定义
4.3.4　语力行为及其成功条件的形式定义
4.3.5　ILT中的部分规则
4.3.6　英汉语力动词的实例分析
4.4　评价与讨论
4.4.1　运算中的“语言学意义”
4.4.2　语力行为动词形式化vs语力行为形式化
4.4.3　语言分析系统vs逻辑系统
第5章　潜预设理论与预设
5.1　预设的传统认识与研究
5.1.1　从弗雷格到斯特劳森的研究传统
5.1.2　语义预设的定义与否定问题
5.1.3　预设与焦点
5.1.4　预设的触发结构
5.2　语义／语用界面上的预设
5.2.1　语义预设的难题
5.2.2　“塞子、漏洞、过滤器”
5.2.3　语用预设的定义
5.2.4　预设与会话含义和规约含义的区别
5.3　预设的潜预设理论（PPT）形式方案
5.3.1 简单肯定句中预设和蕴涵的双重性
5.3.2　潜预设的定义与公式表述
5.3.3　PPT的系统定义
5.3.4　预设投射的实例分析
5.4　评价与讨论
5.4.1 形式系统的缺陷
5.4.2　列文森对PPT的批评及重分配方案
5.4.3　盖士达的反例
第6章　缺省逻辑理论与一般会话含义
6.1　会话含义与一般会话含义
6.1.1 言语交际中的含义现象
6.1.2　格莱斯的会话含义理论
6.1.3　列文森的一般会话含义理论
6.2　缺省逻辑理论（DLT）
6.2.1　缺省逻辑的定义
6.2.2　缺省逻辑的扩展
6.2.3　缺省逻辑的细化式及意义
6.3　一般会话含义的DLT形式方案
6.3.1 Q／M／I三含义的缺省逻辑理论
6.3.2　一般会话含义推导的缺省逻辑模型（DLG）
6.4　评价与讨论
6.4.1　逐例系统的缺陷
6.4.2　理论的拓展前景
参考文献

Only human beings have a rich conceptual repertoire with concepts like tort, entropy, Abelian group, mannerism, icon and deconstruction. How have humans constructed these concepts? And once they have been constructed by adults, how do children acquire them? While primarily focusing on the second question, in The Origin of Concepts, Susan Carey shows that the answers to both overlap substantially.
Carey begins by characterizing the innate starting point for conceptual development, namely systems of core cognition. Representations of core cognition are the output of dedicated input analyzers, as with perceptual representations, but these core representations differ from perceptual representations in having more abstract contents and richer functional roles. Carey argues that the key to understanding cognitive development lies in recognizing conceptual discontinuities in which new representational systems emerge that have more expressive power than core cognition and are also incommensurate with core cognition and other earlier representational systems. Finally, Carey fleshes out Quinian bootstrapping, a learning mechanism that has been repeatedly sketched in the literature on the history and philosophy of science. She demonstrates that Quinian bootstrapping is a major mechanism in the construction of new representational resources over the course of childrens cognitive development.
Carey shows how developmental cognitive science resolves aspects of long-standing philosophical debates about the existence, nature, content, and format of innate knowledge. She also shows that understanding the processes of conceptual development in children illuminates the historical process by which concepts are constructed, and transforms the way we think about philosophical problems about the nature of concepts and the relations between language and thought.

在科学哲学中运用形式方法的一个根本原因是拥有一个固定的指称框架的可取性，这种指称框架可以被用来组织手头的许多学说。《科学结构的表征与不变性》考察了集合论方法是如何提供这样一种指称框架的，全书内容涵盖了公理化方法、表征、不变性、概率、力学以及语言等问题，同时还包括对关于语词和句子的脑波表征的研究。本书是帕特里克•苏佩斯教授的代表作，是苏佩斯教授数十年研究成果的结晶，是了解科学哲学当前进展的必读作品。

In this volume leading researchers present new work on the semantics and pragmatics of adjectives and adverbs, and their interfaces with syntax. Its concerns include the semantics of gradability; the relationship between adjectival scales and verbal aspect; the relationship between meaning and the positions of adjectives and adverbs in nominal and verbal projections; and the fine-grained semantics of different subclasses of adverbs and adverbs. Its goals are to provide a comprehensive vision of the linguistically significant structural and interpretive properties of adjectives and adverbs, to highlight the similarities between these two categories, and to signal the importance of a careful and detailed integration of lexical and compositional semantics. The editors open the book with an overview of current research before introducing and contextualizing the remaining chapters. The work is aimed at scholars and advanced students of syntax, semantics, formal pragmatics, and discourse. It will also appeal to researchers in philosophy, psycholinguistics, and language acquisition interested in the syntax and semantics of adjectives and adverbs.

Combining up-to-date scholarship with clear and accessible language and helpful exercises, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction is an invaluable resource for all readers interested in metaphor. This second edition includes two new chapters-on 'metaphors in discourse' and 'metaphor and emotion'-along with new exercises, responses to criticism and recent developments in the field, and revised student exercises, tables, and figures.

Written by two of the leading figures in the field, this is a lucid and systematic introduction to formal semantics.

在各种语言中，情态词、连接词、条件词、知觉动词恐怕都是最生动、也是最难以把握其意义的词类。其意义的多歧性不仅困扰语言学家，也困扰分析哲学家。尽管如此，Eve E.Sweetser的论述仍然向我们证实了它们是可以被分析，而且可以是成系统的分析。
语义关系并非独立于人类的认知结构之外，包括这种结构的隐喻与文化方面。无论是词汇的多义性还是语用的含糊性，都会通过认知和言语过程的作用，为世俗的隐喻方式所定型。本书从多义现象入手，将这类特殊的词置于印欧语系的历史之下来探讨其语义结构的变化，提示了隐喻和文化在语认结构演变中的角色。
本书也将吸引那些从事认知科学与隐喻、哲学研究的学者。

This book investigates the relation between language and logic. Gennaro Chierchia looks at the way syntactic and inferential processes interact in determining polarity sensitive and free choice phenomena. He analyses these as a form of grammaticized scalar implicature and seeks to identify the common core of the polarity system by examining many of its manifestations as well as the choices that determine its diversity. To do so he reassesses the relations between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics and in the process makes startling insights into the relation of syntax to logic. Rudolf Carnap's classic, The Logical Syntax of Language, defines syntax as a lexicon and a set of formation rules and logic as a set of inference rules. Modern generative linguistics maintains a similar modular approach: a combinatorial apparatus is said to generate structures over which semantic and pragmatic relations, such as presupposition and implicature, are defined. This book argues by contrast that many structures typically perceived as syntactically deviant owe their status to their logical properties, in other words to whether they are contradictory or analytically true in specific ways. This alters the Carnapian view. The characterization of grammatical structure requires a more direct role of logical inferences: the functional lexicon of grammar comes, Professor Chierchia shows, with a set of inference rules that crucially and directly determine grammaticality patterns. Logic in Grammar presents the results of the author's decade-long work on pragmatics and scalar implicatures and extends his long-term project on how humans reason and categorize the world. It is a book that will interest linguists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists alike.

This series supports the study of core topics that form substantial and identifiable parts of Linguistics degree courses as taught in the later years of undergraduate study. Each volume provides an in-depth introduction to a particular linguistic subdiscipline, while also engaging with recent research on the subject.

The work reported in this monograph was begun in the winter of 1967 in a graduate seminar at Berkeley. Many of the basic data were gathered by members of the seminar and the theoretical framework presented here was initially developed in the context of the seminar discussions. Much has been discovered since 1969, the date of original publication, regarding the psychophysical and neurophysical determinants of universal, cross-linguistic constraints on the shape of basic color lexicons, and something, albeit less, can now also be said with some confidence regarding the constraining effects of these language-independent processes of color perception and conceptualization on the direction of evolution of basic color term lexicons.

Elementary set theory accustoms the students to mathematical abstraction, includes the standard constructions of relations, functions, and orderings, and leads to a discussion of the various orders of infinity. The material on logic covers not only the standard statement logic and first-order predicate logic but includes an introduction to formal systems, axiomatization, and model theory. The section on algebra is presented with an emphasis on lattices as well as Boolean and Heyting algebras. Background for recent research in natural language semantics includes sections on lambda-abstraction and generalized quantifiers. Chapters on automata theory and formal languages contain a discussion of languages between context-free and context-sensitive and form the background for much current work in syntactic theory and computational linguistics. The many exercises not only reinforce basic skills but offer an entry to linguistic applications of mathematical concepts. For upper-level undergraduate students and graduate students in theoretical linguistics, computer-science students with interests in computational linguistics, logic programming and artificial intelligence, mathematicians and logicians with interests in linguistics and the semantics of natural language

CONTENTS
1 The Fundamrntal Question
2 Putting a Meaning Together from Pieces
3 More about Predicates
4 Modifiers
5 Complexities of Referring Expressions
6 Quantifiers
7 Extensional vs. Intensional Contexts
8 Tense, Aspect, and Modality
9 Propositional Attitudes
10 The pragmatics of What's Given
11 The Pragmatics of Inference
12 Formal Semantics Today