Between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, Qing rulers, officials, and scholars fused diverse, fragmented perceptions of foreign territory into one integrated worldview. In the same period, a single "foreign" policy emerged as an alternative to the many localized "frontier" policies hitherto pursued on the coast, in Xinjiang, and in Tibet. By unraveling Chinese, Manchu, and British sources to reveal the information networks used by the Qing empire to gather intelligence about its emerging rival, British India, this book explores China's altered understanding of its place in a global context. Far from being hobbled by a Sinocentric worldview, Qing China's officials and scholars paid close attention to foreign affairs. To meet the growing British threat, they adapted institutional practices and geopolitical assumptions to coordinate a response across their maritime and inland borderlands. In time, the new and more active response to Western imperialism built on this foundation reshaped not only China's diplomacy but also the internal relationship between Beijing and its frontiers.

作为意大利保守主义政治学的奠基之作，莫斯卡在《统治阶级》中指出，任何社会中都存在着两个截然不对立的阶级——统治阶级和被统治阶级。统治阶级一般由武士、教士、土地贵族、有钱的和有知识的种种团休组成，他们管理国民事务，垄断国家权力，独占各种荣誉。因为只有这些少数人才有组织能力，而作为多数的群众则处于无组织状态之中。因此，有组织的少娄对特定的统治阶级失势之后，就会有另一个统治阶级来取代他们。事实上，整个人类文明的斗争谱写的。莫斯卡的这一论断，极大地影响并促成了“精英理论”在西方政治学界的兴起。