A bold, revisionist account of the political thought of the Italian Renaissance―from Petrarch to Machiavelli―that reveals the all-important role of character in shaping society, both in citizens and in their leaders.
Convulsed by a civilizational crisis, the great thinkers of the Renaissance set out to reconceive the nature of society. Everywhere they saw problems. Corrupt and reckless tyrants sowing discord and ruling through fear; elites who prized wealth and status over the common good; military leaders waging endless wars. Their solution was at once simple and radical. “Men, not walls, make a city,” as Thucydides so memorably said. They would rebuild their city, and their civilization, by transforming the moral character of its citizens. Soulcraft, they believed, was a precondition of successful statecraft.
A dazzlingly ambitious reappraisal of Renaissance political thought by one of our generation’s foremost intellectual historians, Virtue Politics challenges the traditional narrative that looks to the Renaissance as the seedbed of modern republicanism and sees Machiavelli as its exemplary thinker. James Hankins reveals that what most concerned the humanists was not reforming laws or institutions so much as shaping citizens. If character mattered more than constitutions, it would have to be nurtured through a new program of education they called the studia humanitatis: the humanities.
We owe liberal arts education and much else besides to the bold experiment of these passionate and principled thinkers. The questions they asked―Should a good man serve a corrupt regime? What virtues are necessary in a leader? What is the source of political legitimacy? Is wealth concentration detrimental to social cohesion? Should citizens be expected to fight for their country?―would have a profound impact on later debates about good government and seem as vital today as they did then.

对嗣后的思考是人类最基本的思考，政治体亦然。
“国王的两个身体”是伊丽莎白一世时期英国法学家创制的概念：国王有一个“自然之体”，他个体的肉身，可生病、会疲弱、可朽坏；同时，国王另有一个“政治之体”，永远存续、不可朽坏。然而，政治体世俗化的下发展历史塑造了超越时间的“祖国 ”和“人民”这样的观念，并自然地引向这个身体的“头”，即国王的永久性问题。这个问题是古今政治体的根本问题。
康托洛维茨耗时十年，展开了一系列令人目眩的研究，深入探索了“两个身体”的中世纪渊源，从浩瀚的史料中清理出各种与“二体”有关联的思想谱系——都指向一个根本问题：政治体永久性，即人民政体的“头”的永久性问题。他精心雕琢自己一生的巅峰之作，试图用历史材料本身散发出的魅力，抵御激进主义的思潮，揭示现代国家的生成问题。
必须指出：英国剑桥史学派和法国年鉴史学派所建构的西方史学强大话语权，让《国王的两个身体》作为政治思想史经典的谱系，被某些意识形态的蜘蛛网所遮蔽。《国王的两个身体》会让今天的读者想到这样的道理：斩首作为政治体的人民身体的“头”，无异于斩除一个人民国家应该景仰的高贵精神——这意味着一个民族的文明传统的珍珠彻底破碎。