《历代避讳字汇典》内容简介：避讳有广狭二义。广义的避讳实际包括敬讳、忌讳与憎讳三种情况。由于封建礼制、礼俗的规定、约束，或出于敬重的原因，而不敢直称尊长名字，以至讳用与尊长名同或仅音同之字的，这是敬讳。如汉武帝名彻，汉人讳“彻”为“通”，而《史记》、么漠书》并称“蒯彻”作“蒯通”等。
出于迷信畏忌心理而讳用、讳言凶恶不吉利字眼或音节的，这是忌讳。如吴人讳言“离散”，称“梨”为“圆果”，称“伞”为“竖笠”等。
出于厌恶憎恨心理而不愿名姓、物称与仇家或鄙夷之人姓若名同的，这是憎讳。如唐肃宗恶安禄山，郡县名带“安”字的多加更改等。
狭义的避讳专指敬讳一类情况。这是我国古代史上特有的现象，其俗起于周，成于秦汉，盛于唐宋，延及清末，历时两千多年，它不但是我国古代文化史研究中的一个重要课题，而且也是一切需要利用古书材料的研究工作者所不容忽视的问题。
敬讳之初，但避君主、上司、父祖、尊者、长者、敬重者之名及名之相同字而已，此所谓避正讳。三国以后，开始有连与名音同、甚至音近之字也回避的，即所谓避嫌名。如晋羊祜为荆州守，州人讳其名，皆称户为“门”，又改“户曹”为“辞曹”。后世讳避嫌名的风气愈演愈烈，至宋颁布文书令，竟有一帝应避嫌名超过五十字的。

People use metaphors every time they speak. Some of those metaphors are literary - devices for making thoughts more vivid or entertaining. But most are much more basic than that - they're "metaphors we live by", metaphors we use without even realizing we're using them. In this book, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson suggest that these basic metaphors not only affect the way we communicate ideas, but actually structure our perceptions and understandings from the beginning. Bringing together the perspectives of linguistics and philosophy, Lakoff and Johnson offer an intriguing and surprising guide to some of the most common metaphors and what they can tell us about the human mind. And for this new edition, they supply an afterword both extending their arguments and offering a fascinating overview of the current state of thinking on the subject of the metaphor.