Every economics textbook says the same thing: Money was invented to replace onerous and complicated barter systems—to relieve ancient people from having to haul their goods to market. The problem with this version of history? There’s not a shred of evidence to support it.
Here anthropologist David Graeber presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom. He shows that 5,000 years ago, during the beginning of the agrarian empires, humans have used elaborate credit systems. It is in this era, Graeber shows, that we also first encounter a society divided into debtors and creditors.
With the passage of time, however, virtual credit money was replaced by gold and silver coins—and the system as a whole began to decline. Interest rates spiked and the indebted became slaves. And the system perpetuated itself with tremendously violent consequences, with only the rare intervention of kings and churches keeping the system from spiraling out of control. Debt: The First 5,000 Years is a fascinating chronicle of this little known history—as well as how it has defined human history, and what it means for the credit crisis of the present day and the future of our economy.

In the early twentieth century, people prophesied that technology would see us all working fifteen-hour weeks and driving flying cars. Instead, something curious happened. Not only have the flying cars not materialised, but average working hours have increased rather than decreased. And now, across the developed world, three-quarters of all jobs are in services, finance or admin: jobs that don't seem to contribute anything to society. In Bullshit Jobs, David Graeber explores how this phenomenon - one more associated with the Soviet Union, but which capitalism was supposed to eliminate - has happened. In doing so, he looks at how, rather than producing anything, work has become an end in itself; the way such work maintains the current broken system of finance capital; and, finally, how we can get out of it.
This book is for anyone whose heart has sunk at the sight of a whiteboard, who believes 'workshops' should only be for making things, or who just suspects that there might be a better way to run our world.

本文发表于2007年，是格雷伯基于自身在参与社会运动过程中对“民主”的思考。在本文中，格雷伯试图破解“民主”起源于西方的迷思，民主本是一种各地都存在的历史悠久的实践，它是在全球化系统形成过程中结晶化，却逐渐被统治精英所采用。它在西方经历了“收编”和“重构”的进程，被理所当然地认为是一种“西方传统”——吊诡地将民族国家的宪政制度嫁接到古希腊民主之上。事实上，不只是民主不发源于西方，这个收编与重构进程本身甚至也是并非西方所独有的。真实的民主主义价值观的出现，产生于“跨文化的即兴区”，也就是“中间地带”，这些通常那也是未受国家控制的地方，如大西洋上的海盗船、南北美拓荒社区的社会、欧洲扩张边缘的美洲原住民联盟。“民主国家”本身就是一个悖论，民主人士一直试图将民众自治的理想嫁接到国家的强制机器上，这却一直被证明行不通。今天，我们面对的不是民主的危机，而是国家的危机，萨帕塔等不以夺取国家政权、而以在社区的自组织重建民主的实践也正在说明，民主正在回归它的发源地：中间地带。

In this collection, David Graeber revisits questions raised in his popular book, Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology. Employing an unpretentious style to convey complex ideas, these twelve essays cover a lot of ground: the origins of capitalism, the history of European table manners, love potions and gender in rural Madagascar, the phenomenology of giant puppets at street protests, and much more. But they're linked by a clear purpose: to explore the nature of social power and the forms that resistance to it have taken—or might take in the future.
In the best anthropological tradition, Graeber uses rich ethnographic and historical detail to support and illuminate broad insights into human nature and society. In the process, he shows how scholarly concerns can be of use to radical social movements, and how the perspectives of such movements shed new light on debates within the academy.

The final posthumous work by the coauthor of the major New York Times bestseller The Dawn of Everything
Pirates have long lived in the realm of romance and fantasy, symbolizing risk, lawlessness, and radical visions of freedom. But at the root of this mythology is a rich history of pirate societies―vibrant, imaginative experiments in self-governance and alternative social formations at the edges of European empire.
In graduate school, David Graeber conducted ethnographic field research in Madagascar, producing what would eventually become a doctoral thesis on the island’s magic, slavery, and politics. During this time, he encountered the Zana-Malata, an ethnic group made up of mixed descendants of the many pirates who settled on the island at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Pirate Enlightenment or the Real Libertalia, Graeber's final posthumous book, is the outgrowth of this early research, and the culmination of ideas that he explored in his classic, bestselling works Debt and The Dawn of Everything (written with the archeologist David Wengrow). Graeber explores how the proto-democratic practices of the Zana-Malata came to shape the Enlightenment project defined for too long as distinctly European. He illuminates the non-European origins of what we consider to be “Western” thought, and endeavors to recover forgotten forms of social and political order that gesture toward new, hopeful possibilities for the future.

From the author of the international bestseller Debt: The First 5,000 Years comes a revelatory account of the way bureaucracy rules our lives  

Where does the desire for endless rules, regulations, and bureaucracy come from? How did we come to spend so much of our time filling out forms? And is it really a cipher for state violence?
 
To answer these questions, the anthropologist David Graeber—one of our most important and provocative thinkers—traces the peculiar and unexpected ways we relate to bureaucracy today, and reveals how it shapes our lives in ways we may not even notice…though he also suggests that there may be something perversely appealing—even romantic—about bureaucracy.
 
Leaping from the ascendance of right-wing economics to the hidden meanings behind Sherlock Holmes and Batman, The Utopia of Rules is at once a powerful work of social theory in the tradition of Foucault and Marx, and an entertaining reckoning with popular culture that calls to mind Slavoj Zizek at his most accessible.
 
An essential book for our times, The Utopia of Rules is sure to start a million conversations about the institutions that rule over us—and the better, freer world we should, perhaps, begin to imagine for ourselves.

From bestselling writer David Graeber—“a master of opening up thought and stimulating debate” (Slate)—a powerful argument against the rise of meaningless, unfulfilling jobs…and their consequences.

Does your job make a meaningful contribution to the world? In the spring of 2013, David Graeber asked this question in a playful, provocative essay titled “On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs.” It went viral. After one million online views in seventeen different languages, people all over the world are still debating the answer.

There are hordes of people—HR consultants, communication coordinators, telemarketing researchers, corporate lawyers—whose jobs are useless, and, tragically, they know it. These people are caught in bullshit jobs.

Graeber explores one of society’s most vexing and deeply felt concerns, indicting among other villains a particular strain of finance capitalism that betrays ideals shared by thinkers ranging from Keynes to Lincoln. “Clever and charismatic” (The New Yorker), Bullshit Jobs gives individuals, corporations, and societies permission to undergo a shift in values, placing creative and caring work at the center of our culture. This book is for everyone who wants to turn their vocation back into an avocation and “a thought-provoking examination of our working lives” (Financial Times).

THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER AND SUNDAY TIMES, OBSERVER AND BBC HISTORY BOOK OF THE YEAR

FINALIST FOR THE ORWELL PRIZE FOR POLITICAL WRITING 2022

'Pacey and potentially revolutionary' Sunday Times

'Iconoclastic and irreverent ... an exhilarating read' The Guardian

For generations, our remote ancestors have been cast as primitive and childlike - either free and equal, or thuggish and warlike. Civilization, we are told, could be achieved only by sacrificing those original freedoms or, alternatively, by taming our baser instincts. David Graeber and David Wengrow show how such theories first emerged in the eighteenth century as a reaction to indigenous critiques of European society, and why they are wrong. In doing so, they overturn our view of human history, including the origins of farming, property, cities, democracy, slavery and civilization itself.

Drawing on path-breaking research in archaeology and anthropology, the authors show how history becomes a far more interesting place once we begin to see what's really there. If humans did not spend 95 per cent of their evolutionary past in tiny bands of hunter-gatherers, what were they doing all that time? If agriculture, and cities, did not mean a plunge into hierarchy and domination, then what kinds of social and economic organization did they lead to? The answers are often unexpected, and suggest that the course of history may be less set in stone, and more full of playful possibilities than we tend to assume.

The Dawn of Everything fundamentally transforms our understanding of the human past and offers a path toward imagining new forms of freedom, new ways of organizing society. This is a monumental book of formidable intellectual range, animated by curiosity, moral vision and faith in the power of direct action.

'This is not a book. This is an intellectual feast' Nassim Nicholas Taleb

'The most profound and exciting book I've read in thirty years' Robin D. G. Kelley

NATIONAL BESTSELLER
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER

Renowned activist and public intellectual David Graeber teams up with professor of comparative archaeology David Wengrow to deliver a trailblazing account of human history, challenging our most fundamental assumptions about social evolution--from the development of agriculture and cities to the emergence of "the state," political violence, and social inequality--and revealing new possibilities for human emancipation.

For generations, our remote ancestors have been cast as primitive and childlike--either free and equal innocents, or thuggish and warlike. Civilization, we are told, could only be achieved by sacrificing those original freedoms, or alternatively, by taming our baser instincts. Graeber and Wengrow show how such theories first emerged in the eighteenth century as a conservative reaction to powerful critiques of European society posed by Indigenous observers and intellectuals. Revisiting this encounter has startling implications for how we make sense of human history today, including the origins of farming, property, cities, democracy, slavery, and civilization itself.

Drawing on path-breaking research in archaeology and anthropology, the authors show how history becomes a far more interesting place once we learn to throw off our conceptual shackles and perceive what's really there. If humans did not spend 95% of their evolutionary past in tiny bands of hunter-gatherers, what were they doing all that time? If agriculture, and cities, did not mean a plunge into hierarchy and domination, then what kinds of social and economic organization did they lead to? What was really happening during the periods that we usually describe as the emergence of "the state"? The answers are often unexpected, and suggest that the course of human history may be less set in stone, and more full of playful, hopeful possibilities, than we tend to assume.

The Dawn of Everything fundamentally transforms our understanding of the human past and offers a path toward imagining new forms of freedom, new ways of organizing society. This is a monumental book of formidable intellectual range, animated by curiosity, moral vision, and a faith in the power of direct action.

Now in paperback, the updated and expanded edition: David Graeber’s “fresh . . . fascinating . . . thought-provoking . . . and exceedingly timely” (Financial Times) history of debt 

Here anthropologist David Graeber presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom: he shows that before there was money, there was debt. For more than 5,000 years, since the beginnings of the first agrarian empires, humans have used elaborate credit systems to buy and sell goods—that is, long before the invention of coins or cash. It is in this era, Graeber argues, that we also first encounter a society divided into debtors and creditors.

Graeber shows that arguments about debt and debt forgiveness have been at the center of political debates from Italy to China, as well as sparking innumerable insurrections. He also brilliantly demonstrates that the language of the ancient works of law and religion (words like “guilt,” “sin,” and “redemption”) derive in large part from ancient debates about debt, and shape even our most basic ideas of right and wrong. We are still fighting these battles today without knowing it.

思索人类社会的命运时，我们总会借助大历史的广角镜头。可耳熟能详，甚至被默认为公理的人类发展叙事——从人人平等的狩猎采集小游群到现代民族国家，历经“农业革命”“城市革命”“国家起源”等关键节点——真的反映了事实吗？《人类新史》向我们揭示出，这或许只是一个现代版本的起源神话。

两位作者追本溯源，发现上述理论其实源自18世纪美洲原住民对欧洲殖民者的批判，以及欧洲人做出的保守反击。随后，作者们综合考古学和人类学等领域近年来涌现的突破性成果，展示了人类实际上有过怎样多元和流动的社会组织形态，历史的道路又有过多少分岔与并行。重新理解人类的过去，重新发现人类本就拥有的其他可能性，或许也能赋予我们新的思想资源，去想象一个更具希望的未来。

媲美《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》《人類大歷史》，探討人類文明的開創性巨作
不自由、不平等、國家體制是文明必然終點？
時代百大風雲人物、《債的歷史》作者 大衛﹐格雷伯（David Graeber）
╳
人文學科最高榮譽Albertus Magnus得主 大衛．溫格羅（David Wengrow）
攜手領航──
一場顛覆文明演進的所有假設、揭示人類全新自由的旅程
「一本顛覆傳統歷史觀，解放思考慣性，開啟無數新研究方向的重磅作品。兩位學者整理了近二、三十年來考古學、民族學的重要發現，對長期以來視為當然的社會演化觀點提出尖銳的質疑，並提出一套新的書寫世界史的可能。無論你是否同意他們壯闊的論證，我們再也無法繼續用過去的方式看待人類的歷史。一本應該要出現在所有人書架上的著作。」
——林開世，台灣大學人類學博物館館長
★★★
「歐威爾政治寫作獎」（Orwell Prize for Political Writing ）2022年決選書
《紐約時報》暢銷書榜No. 2
《星期日泰晤士報》《觀察家報》《BBC歷史》年度選書
Amazon編輯選書
★★★
Amazon 4,000條、Goodreads 8,000條五星評等，譯成超過三十種語言，引發全球矚目
閱讀本書的過程中，將伴隨著數百個頓悟時刻。
▍各界推薦
王道還｜生物人類學者
林開世｜台灣大學人類學博物館館長
洪廣冀｜台灣大學地理環境資源學系副教授
陳其南｜知名人類學家、前故宮博物院院長
寒波｜「盲眼的尼安德塔石器匠」科普作家
超級歪SuperY｜說書YouTuber
顏擇雅｜作家
▍內容簡介
有意識地避免可能帶來不平等的制度？人類先祖除了狩獵採集之外或許比我們更能「反思」？
用「生產方式」當作人類史論斷依據會有什麼問題？新石器時代人群如何避免農業？
如果沒有遁入層層階級制度與權力關係，社會將可能發展成何種樣貌？
☀ 回到原點，看見人類社會千變萬化的可能
以嶄新視角理解人類歷史，挑戰社會演進的基本假設：從農業興起、城市到國家的起源、民主與不平等的必然路徑。
揭示將人類從束縛中解放的新可能性，讓我們得以想像不同形式的自由，以及組織社會的新方式。
從狩獵採集逐漸轉為農業，人類從部落、村莊走入城市、國家之中；同時，科技和技術不斷發展，我們穿越了石器時代、金屬器時代，邁向工業革命。一切似乎皆如此清晰明瞭。隨著文明進步而逝的是「高貴野蠻人」狀態的自由和平等，只能犧牲那些原初的自由走向「文明化」，而我們也被迫接受不自由的現狀，視之為進步的必要代價。大衛．格雷伯和大衛．溫格羅卻告訴我們──未必如此，還有其他可能！
藉由開創性的考古學與人類學研究，作者揭示當我們暫且擺脫進步觀點的束縛時，人類歷史將以超乎固有想像、無比有趣的方式展開。人類的先祖既非過著田園詩生活的蒙昧孩子，亦非本性兇殘而不得不設法結盟才能生存下去的野蠻人，而是具有複雜人性、批判性、豐富想像力的人群，在人類史的長河中不斷地變換、拆除、重建制度，實驗社會型態的各種可能，同時避免落入「不自由」的處境。不禁令人反思：我們為何會困在此處？
本書根本性地改變了我們對於人類過去的理解，並提供一條新的思維路徑，讓我們得以想像不同形式的自由，以及組織社會的新方法。兩位作者經過十年的精心醞釀，以極具說服力的廣博知識和強而有力的論點，挑戰過去對歷史進程的解讀方式，為人類開創自由新局帶來了希望。
▍國際好評
這不是一本書。這是一場知識盛宴。沒有一章不（充滿樂趣地）破壞根深柢固的知識信念。本書深刻、毫不費力地顛覆過往、事實嚴謹且讀起來令人愉快。——《黑天鵝效應》作者 納西姆﹒尼可拉斯﹒塔雷伯（Nassim Nicholas Taleb）
作者並不滿足於對人類歷史重大問題的不同答案，堅持要徹底改變我們所提出的問題。結果是帶來一場目眩神迷、獨創而令人信服的陳述，展現了「前現代」原住民生活所體現的豐富、有趣、反思且實驗性的討論，亦是對人類學和考古學思想史具有挑戰性的重寫。本書理應成為所有後續研究這些宏大主題的出發點，那些啟航者將擁有無與倫比的領航員──兩位大衛。——當代人類學大師、《反穀》作者 詹姆斯﹒斯科特（James C. Scott）
引人入勝的探究，引導我們重新思考人類能力的本質，以及人類歷史上最自豪的時刻，還有我們與原住民社會的文化和其中被遺忘的知識分子的交流和借鑑。深具挑戰和啟發。——語言學家、現代語言學之父 諾姆﹒杭士基（Noam Chomsky）
這本書就像一顆炸彈，顛覆了我們對人類歷史的一切觀念。──肯﹒弗雷特（Ken Follett），《每日郵報》
無疑是一部新的人類史，在重新審視史前史的基礎上，慶祝人類的自由與可能性，重啟過去讓創造新的未來有所可能。──歷史學家、「歐威爾政治寫作獎」評審團主席 大衛﹒艾傑頓（David Edgerton）
作者成功地推翻了我對世界歷史的所有思考。本書徹底而優雅地反駁了歷史的進化論，引領我們到一個富有智識、創造力並複雜的人類世界，幾千年來發明了幾乎所有可以想像得到的社會形式，並追求自由、知識和實驗。作者不僅揭穿了進步神話，還講述了一段激動人心的思想史，關於神話是如何產生、為何續存，以及對我們希望創造的公正未來意味著什麼。這是我三十年來讀過的最深刻、最令人興奮的書。──美國歷史學家、《自由夢想》（Freedom Dreams）作者 羅賓﹒凱利（Robin D.G. Kelley）
很可能是這十年來最重要的書，因為它打破了我們社會生活不可避免地由國家主導的深深根深柢固的神話。── 詹姆斯﹒麥克唐納（James H. McDonald），《紐約圖書評論》（New York Journal of Books）

无政府主义人类学碎片是作者从人类学的角度对无政府主义做的一个新诠释。格雷伯从人类学的历史出发，尝试勾划出人类学和无政府主义的关系，特别通过探讨实行平均主义的“原始社会”的权力架构、莫斯（Marcel Mauss）的礼物经济，以及他在马达加斯加的田野研究，为我们打开一个走出国家—市场局限的视野。格雷伯书中还探讨了全球化所引发的问题，以尝试建立一种基于无政府主义的“共识主义”，作为民主的新方向，强调人类学关于权力制衡方面的研究如何帮助我们重新看待乌托邦的梦想，以及怎样实现一个更美好的社会。这本书也是对人类学的批判：为何百多年来人类学家掌握了这些田野资料和人文志技巧，却不能为我们指出另一个方向？而这本书便是第一个这样的尝试。

Drawn from more than two decades of pathbreaking writing, the iconic and bestselling David Graeber's most important essays and interviews.

"The ultimate hidden truth of the world is that it is something that we make, and could just as easily make differently," wrote David Graeber. A renowned anthropologist, activist, and author of such classic books as Debt and the breakout New York Times bestseller The Dawn of Everything (with David Wengrow), Graeber was as well-known for his sharp, lively essays as he was for his iconic role in the Occupy movement and his paradigm-shifting tomes.

There are converging political, economic, and ecological crises, and yet our politics is dominated by either business as usual or nostalgia for a mythical past. Thinking against the grain, Graeber was one of the few who dared to imagine a new understanding of the past and a liberatory vision of the future—to imagine a social order based on humans’ fundamental freedom. In essays published over three decades and ranging across the biggest issues of our time— inequality, technology, the identity of “the West,” democracy, art, power, anger, mutual aid, and protest—he challenges the old assumptions about political life. A trenchant critic of the order of things, and driven by a bold imagination and a passionate commitment to human freedom, he offers hope that our world can be different.

During a moment of daunting upheaval and pervasive despair, the incisive, entertaining, and urgent essays collected in The Ultimate Hidden Truth of the World . . . , edited and with an introduction by Nika Dubrovksy and with a foreword by Rebecca Solnit, make for essential and inspiring reading. They are a profound reminder of Graeber’s enduring significance as an iconic, playful, necessary thinker.

Durante generaciones hemos visto a nuestros antepasados más remotos como seres primitivos, ingenuos y violentos. Se nos ha dicho que solo era posible alcanzar la civilización sacrificando libertades o domesticando nuestros instintos. En este ensayo, los reconocidos antropólogos David Graeber y David Wengrow demuestran que estas concepciones, que surgieron en el siglo xviii, fueron una reacción conservadora de la sociedad europea ante las críticas de los intelectuales indígenas y que no tienen un aval antropológico y arqueológico. En el rastreo de esta falsa línea de pensamiento, este libro defiende que las comunidades de la prehistoria eran mucho más cambiantes de lo que se ha pensado; un planteamiento que desarticula los relatos fundacionales más arraigados, desde el desarrollo de las ciudades hasta los orígenes del Estado, la desigualdad o la democracia. El amanecer de todo es una nueva historia de la humanidad, un texto combativo que transforma nuestra comprensión del pasado y abre camino para imaginar nuevas formas de organización social. Una obra monumental que cuestiona las ideas de pensadores como Jared Diamond, Francis Fukuyama y Yuval Noah Harari. Porque la suposición de que las sociedades se vuelven menos igualitarias y libres a medida que se hacen más complejas y «civilizadas» no es más que un mito.

The most important essays and interviews from the remarkable multi-decade career of David Graeber, the hugely influential and bestselling co-author of The Dawn of Everything.

"The ultimate hidden truth of the world is that it is something that we make, and could just as easily make differently," wrote David Graeber. A renowned anthropologist, activist, and author, Graeber was as well-known for his sharp, lively essays as he was for his iconic role in the Occupy movement and his paradigm-shifting tomes.

Today we live amidst converging political, economic, and ecological crises, and yet our politics are dominated by either a "business as usual" attitude or nostalgia for a mythical past. Graeber was one of the few who dared to imagine a new understanding of the past and a liberatory vision of the future. In essays published over three decades and ranging across the biggest issues of our time—inequality, technology, the identity of “the West,” democracy, art, power, mutual aid, and protest—he challenges old assumptions about political life. A trenchant critic of the order of things, and driven by a bold imagination and a passionate commitment to human freedom, he offers hope for a more equitable world.

During a moment of daunting upheaval and pervasive despair, the incisive, entertaining, and urgent essays collected in The Ultimate Hidden Truth of the World . . . , edited and introduced by Nika Dubrovsky and with a foreword by Rebecca Solnit, make for essential and inspiring reading. They are a profound reminder of Graeber’s enduring significance as an iconic, playful, necessary thinker.

Durante séculos, nossos ancestrais foram considerados primitivos e infantis, sendo divididos em duas categorias: iguais, livres e inocentes ou guerreiros e brutais. Com base no pensamento de Jean-Jacques Rousseau e de Thomas Hobbes, a ideia que perdurou ao longo dos anos foi a de que só poderíamos alcançar a civilização sacrificando essas liberdades ou domesticando nossos instintos mais básicos.

Neste livro revolucionário, o antropólogo David Graeber e o arqueólogo David Wengrow demonstram como essas teorias que emergiram no século XVIII foram uma reação à crítica feita por povos indígenas à sociedade europeia – e por que elas estão erradas. Ao oferecer essa nova perspectiva, os autores questionam tudo o que conhecemos sobre as origens da agricultura, da propriedade, das cidades, da democracia, da escravidão e da própria civilização, iluminando outras formas de liberdade e organização social e nos convidando a imaginar qual futuro desejamos para nós mesmos.