古代并非只有一种历史，人类自由的心灵创造出许多种类型。谁想要知道如今称之为历史学的是关于什么，就必须理解这个类型的多样性和它们的起源。
在本书中，意大利史学家莫米利亚诺（Arnaldo Momigliano）告诉了我们，希腊史学、希伯来史学与波斯史学之渊源以及它们各自的特点；希腊史学伟大的修昔底德传统和希罗多德传统的兴衰与希伯来史学在《马加比书》出现之后消失的原因，以及希罗多德传统、古文物学者到现代社会学的传承和这个统绪与源自于修昔底德传统的古典—现代史学的对立、融合；作者还指出，罗马人接纳了希腊史学，并创造了民族历史的书写形式，这种接纳从此决定了欧洲史学的未来：欧洲民族史学与史学的古典特性即来源于此；最后，作者叙述了凯撒利亚的优西比乌斯首创的基督教会史学，它受到希腊史学多方面的影响，却又有超验的意义，以使徒传承和教义正统为支柱，创造了关于神圣制度与普世教会的历史，其对历史进程赋予意义的天命观，在18、19世纪开始渗透进现代历史的书写，促成了历史哲学的出现，而随着现代的兴起，又因基督教与人间事务的深刻纠葛，使得教会历史存在的权利被广泛地质疑。
历史学将走向何方？作者问道，历史学与社会学还会继续分离吗？教会历史在现代世界的命运将会如何？现代历史哲学与现代史学最终是否能协调一致？一切疑问的解答与对未来的预言依然有待我们再一次回到一切历史的开端之处。

Arnaldo Momigliano was one of the foremost classical historiographers of the twentieth century. This collection of twenty-one carefully selected essays is remarkable both in the depth of its scholarship and the breadth of its subjects. Moving with ease across the centuries, Momigliano supplements powerful readings of writers in the Greek, Jewish, and Roman traditions, such as Tacitus and Polybius, with writings that focus on later historians, such as Vico and Croce. Charmingly written and concise, these pieces range from review essays reprinted from the "New York Review of Books" to treatises on the nature of historical scholarship. "Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography "is a brilliant reminder of Momigliano s profound knowledge of classical civilization and his gift for deftly handling prose. With a new Foreword by Anthony Grafton, this volume is essential reading for any student of classics or historiography."

In this classic study of cultural confrontation Professor Arnaldo Momigliano looks at the attitude of the Greeks to four different civilizations - the Roman, Celtic, Jewish and Persian - and analyses their cultural and intellectual interactions from the fourth to the first centuries BC. He argues that in the Hellenistic period the Greeks, Romans and Jews formed a special exclusive relationship and effectively established what until recent times was the normal horizon of Western civilization.