Causal inference is a complex scientific task that relies on evidence from multiple sources and a variety of methodological approaches. By providing a cohesive presentation of concepts and methods that are currently scattered across journals in several disciplines, Causal Inference: What If provides an introduction to causal inference for scientists who design studies and analyze data. The book is divided into three parts of increasing difficulty: causal inference without models, causal inference with models, and causal inference from complex longitudinal data.FEATURES:
- Emphasizes taking the causal question seriously enough to articulate it with sufficient precision
- Shows that causal inference from observational data relies on subject-matter knowledge and therefore cannot be reduced to a collection of recipes for data analysis
- Describes causal diagrams, both directed acyclic graphs and single-world intervention graphs
- Explains various data analysis approaches to estimate causal effects from individual-level data, including the g-formula, inverse probability weighting, g-estimation, instrumental variable estimation, outcome regression, and propensity score adjustment
- Includes software and real data examples, as well as 'Fine Points' and 'Technical Points' throughout to elaborate on certain key topicsCausal Inference: What If has been written for all scientists that make causal inferences, including epidemiologists, statisticians, psychologists, economists, sociologists, political scientists, computer scientists, and more. The book is substantially class-tested, as it has been used in dozens of universities to teach courses on causal inference at graduate and advanced undergraduate level.

专门介绍阴曹地府详情、在民间流行极广的通俗读物。

在本书中，人工智能领域的权威专家朱迪亚·珀尔及其同事领导的因果关系革命突破多年的迷雾，厘清了知识的本质，确立了因果关系研究在科学探索中的核心地位。
而因果关系科学真正重要的应用则体现在人工智能领域。作者在本书中回答的核心问题是：如何让智能机器像人一样思考？换言之，“强人工智能”可以实现吗？借助因果关系之梯的三个层级逐步深入地揭示因果推理的本质，并据此构建出相应的自动化处理工具和数学分析范式，作者给出了一个肯定的答案。作者认为，今天为我们所熟知的大部分机器学习技术，都建基于相关关系，而非因果关系。要实现强人工智能，乃至将智能机器转变为具有道德意识的有机体，我们就必须让机器学会问“为什么”，也就是要让机器学会因果推理，理解因果关系。或许，这正是我们能对准备接管我们未来生活的智能机器所做的最有意义的工作。

A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence
“Correlation is not causation.” This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality–the study of cause and effect–on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl’s work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.

本书凭借语言分析和案例研究的双重方法，立足于重要经典文献和当前研究现状，独创性地提出了因果关系、因果描述、决定论描述、概率描述、因果律、因果式自然律、因果解释等一系列新的定义，有根有据地对许多流行观点提出了有趣的反驳。尤值一提的是，作者重新发现了长期被哲学界遗忘的“休谟因果问题”，并尝试性地提出了一种独特的解决方案。本书是一本充满个性的创新之作。