18世紀的清皇朝，真的是一個漠視海疆的內亞帝國嗎？
從測繪海疆、伐木造船與海防方略，到《海錯圖》、追逐魚翅與渡海詩文，
讓我們重探一段被遺忘的盛清海洋大歷史！
我們已習慣利用以大陸為軸心的史觀，去分析滿清統治中國的歷史：滿洲人馳騁天下，建立一個橫跨中亞的陸上帝國。他們對海洋的認識，對海疆的重視，往往不如前朝鄭和下西洋的積極。若不是19世紀西方列強相繼由海路侵擾中國，清政府也不會意識到鞏固海防，發展海事的重要性。
但史實真是如此嗎？
《海不揚波：清代中國與亞洲海洋》希望追溯清帝國的海洋關懷，證明清代中國在歐美列強紛起入侵前，不是一個漠視海疆的陸權國家。
全書第一部分聚焦於康雍乾三朝在測繪海疆、伐木造艦，以至在渤海一帶發展海洋軍事化等議題，引證清廷的籌海方略與其帝國性的展示，合理地還原十八世紀清政府對海疆的關注及謀劃。
第二部分則自國家層面轉移到以學人、商品為中心的討論，從《海錯圖》的想像與書寫、對魚翅的消費與追逐，以至創作於往返閩臺之間的渡海詩文，探索盛清時代人和海洋的互動與連結。
布琮任試圖透過「去陸地化」的觀點，以淺顯生動的筆觸勾勒清代中國與海洋世界的脈動，從而呈現清帝國在鴉片戰爭之前的海洋意識，試圖為海洋史和盛清史灌注新的思維與色彩。

本书荣膺2018年美国亚洲历史学会列文森奖。
乾隆帝曾经盛赞过东北丰饶的物产和独特的自然环境，认为满洲大地是资源富集之地，也是自然生命力的源泉。这里的土地山川生生不息，养育了满洲人以及清朝皇室的祖先，也使其分享了素朴纯真和不竭的生命力。
清朝皇帝通过进贡制度，向满洲和蒙古地区征收毛皮、珍珠、蘑菇、人参等珍稀物产，这些物产不仅仅是物产，而且代表其产地所具有的纯真、丰饶、充满生机等象征意义，作为一种永恒的家园，与皇室有着密切的依存关系。
但这种进贡制度渐渐对满洲和蒙古地区产生了深远的影响，不仅仅造成了环境退化的后果，还形成了复杂的开发与控制的制度和组织。
作者是新清史的新锐，利用了大量满蒙文献，在对东北和蒙古环境史的考察中发现了皇帝对于北部边疆的想象、进贡体系与自然环境的恶化、清朝的奢侈品贸易和消费等诸多因素复杂的互动关系，为我们理解清朝边疆历史提供了新颖的视角。

本书首先较为系统地梳理了20世纪90年代以来在北美地区出现的“新清史”学派的知识背景，进而将其学术观点概括为“同君联合体理论”、“时性君说”、“族性的晚生理论”、“帝国的疆域扩张说”、“清朝统治的东北本位主义”等五大基本命题，再结合对相关史实的深入辨析，对它们采取各个击破的剖析方式，论证它们在史实上全无成立的余地，纯属国外学者为了迎合某种错误思想，曲解我国历史而杜撰出来的不实之说，从而在结论部分调指出正是缘于上有以汉制为突出特点的官僚制度的大联结整合功能，下有底层各族之间在长期历史交往过程中形成的“两个离不开”，从而才把内地和边疆维系塑造成一个不可分割的血肉整体，这也促使在清朝统治结束以后的和时代下，清帝国原有边疆的大部分地域依然能够顺利自然地转化为现代中国的有机组成部分。

这部两卷的论文集，是众多学者在21世纪运用新的历史观念进行研究的研究成果，主要针对明清之际的时间观念的复杂性。在17世纪和18世纪初，发生了明清交替之际，出现了崩解、变革和重建。当时的汉人、满人、蒙古人、朝鲜人和欧洲人，是如何被迫调整他们当下的用时和记时的手段，以及他们是如何在对历史修正认识的基础上，在重新构想的模式下定位他们的当下的。

Focusing on the Ming (1368-1644) and (especially) the Qing (1364-1912) eras, this book analyzes crucial moments in the formation of cultural, regional, and religious identities. The contributors examine the role of the state in a variety of environments on China's "peripheries," paying attention to shifts in law, trade, social stratification, and cultural dialogue. They find that local communities were critical participants in the shaping of their own identities and consciousness as well as the character and behavior of the state. At certain times the state was institutionally definitive, but it could also be symbolic and contingent. They demonstrate how the imperial discourse is many-faceted, rather than a monolithic agent of cultural assimilation.

Between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, Qing rulers, officials, and scholars fused diverse, fragmented perceptions of foreign territory into one integrated worldview. In the same period, a single "foreign" policy emerged as an alternative to the many localized "frontier" policies hitherto pursued on the coast, in Xinjiang, and in Tibet. By unraveling Chinese, Manchu, and British sources to reveal the information networks used by the Qing empire to gather intelligence about its emerging rival, British India, this book explores China's altered understanding of its place in a global context. Far from being hobbled by a Sinocentric worldview, Qing China's officials and scholars paid close attention to foreign affairs. To meet the growing British threat, they adapted institutional practices and geopolitical assumptions to coordinate a response across their maritime and inland borderlands. In time, the new and more active response to Western imperialism built on this foundation reshaped not only China's diplomacy but also the internal relationship between Beijing and its frontiers.

In 1644, the Manchus, a relatively unknown people inhabiting China’s rude northeastern frontier, overthrew the Ming, Asia’s mightiest rulers, and established the Qing dynasty, which endured to 1912. From this event arises one of Chinese history’s great conundrums: How did a barely literate alien people manage to remain in power for nearly 300 years over a highly cultured population that was vastly superior in number? This problem has fascinated scholars for almost a century, but until now no one has approached the question from the Manchu point of view.
This book, the first in any language to be based mainly on Manchu documents, supplies a radically new perspective on the formative period of the modern Chinese nation. Drawing on recent critical notions of ethnicity, the author explores the evolution of the “Eight Banners,” a unique Manchu system of social and military organization that was instrumental in the conquest of the Ming.
The author argues that as rulers of China the Manchu conquerors had to behave like Confucian monarchs, but that as a non-Han minority they faced other, more complex considerations as well. Their power derived not only from the acceptance of orthodox Chinese notions of legitimacy, but also, the author suggests, from Manchu “ethnic sovereignty,” which depended on the sustained coherence of the conquerors.
When, in the early 1700s, this coherence was threatened by rapid acculturation and the prospective loss of Manchu distinctiveness, the Qing court, always insecure, desperately urged its minions to uphold the traditions of an idealized “Manchu Way.” However, the author shows that it was not this appeal but rather the articulation of a broader identity grounded in the realities of Eight Banner life that succeeded in preserving Manchu ethnicity, and the Qing dynasty along with it, into the twentieth century.

本书以作者多年来对内亚史研究的心得为主，对世界著名内亚史研究学者波西和傅礼初、丹尼斯.赛诺等的论著和研究方法进行评书，并对具体的内亚史问题进行解读。本书从伯希和、丹尼斯?赛诺、傅礼初、乌瑞夫人、王明珂、森部豊六位学者入手，分别评述他们的内亚研究成果、方法及影响，梳理内亚研究的脉络。本书随着评述人物的变化，涉猎的时间、空间范围比较广，既有地理意义上的北亚、阿尔泰，又有方法论层面民族史、历史人类学等分野，还有日本西域研究的新动向等学科前沿。内容丰富、概况性强是本书的优点，本书既可以成为青年学生内亚研究的入门读物，也是学术界内亚史的一次总结。

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, booming demand for natural resources transformed China and its frontiers. Historians of China have described this process in stark terms: pristine borderlands became breadbaskets. Yet Manchu and Mongolian archives reveal a different story. Well before homesteaders arrived, wild objects from the far north became part of elite fashion, and unprecedented consumption had exhausted the region's most precious resources.
In A World Trimmed with Fur, Jonathan Schlesinger uses these diverse archives to reveal how Qing rule witnessed not the destruction of unspoiled environments, but their invention. Qing frontiers were never pristine in the nineteenth century—pearlers had stripped riverbeds of mussels, mushroom pickers had uprooted the steppe, and fur-bearing animals had disappeared from the forest. In response, the court turned to "purification;" it registered and arrested poachers, reformed territorial rule, and redefined the boundary between the pristine and the corrupted. Schlesinger's resulting analysis provides a framework for rethinking the global invention of nature.

"In a sweeping overview of four centuries of Mongolian history that draws on previously untapped sources, Johan Elverskog opens up totally new perspectives on some of the most urgent questions historians have recently raised about the role of Buddhism in the constitution of the Qing empire. Theoretically informed and strongly comparative in approach, Elverskog’s work tells a fascinating and important story that will interest all scholars working at the intersection of religion and politics." —Mark Elliott, Harvard University
"Johan Elverskog has rewritten the political and intellectual history of Mongolia from the bottom up, telling a convincing story that clarifies for the first time the revolutions which Mongolian concepts of community, rule, and religion underwent from 1500 to 1900. His account of Qing rule in Mongolia doesn’t just tell us what images the Qing emperors wished to project, but also what images the Mongols accepted themselves, and how these changed over the centuries. In the scope of time it covers, the originality of the views advanced, and the accuracy of the scholarship upon which it is based, Our Great Qing seems destined to mark a watershed in Mongolian studies. It will be essential reading for specialists in Mongolian studies and will make an important contribution and riposte to the ‘new Qing history’ now changing the face of late imperial Chinese history. Specialists in Tibetan Buddhism and Buddhism’s interaction with the political realm will also find in this work challenging and thought-provoking." —ChristopherAtwood, Indiana University
Although it is generally believed that the Manchus controlled the Mongols through their patronage of Tibetan Buddhism, scant attention has been paid to the Mongol view of the Qing imperial project. In contrast to other accounts of Manchu rule, Our Great Qing focuses not only on what images the metropole wished to project into Mongolia, but also on what images the Mongols acknowledged themselves. Rather than accepting the Manchu’s use of Buddhism, Johan Elverskog begins by questioning the static, unhistorical, and hegemonic view of political life implicit in the Buddhist explanation. By stressing instead the fluidity of identity and Buddhist practice as processes continually developing in relation to state formations, this work explores how Qing policies were understood by Mongols and how they came to see themselves as Qing subjects.
In his investigation of Mongol society on the eve of the Manchu conquest, Elverskog reveals the distinctive political theory of decentralization that fostered the civil war among the Mongols. He explains how it was that the Manchu Great Enterprise was not to win over "Mongolia" but was instead to create a unified Mongol community of which the disparate preexisting communities would merely be component parts.
A key element fostering this change was the Qing court’s promotion of Gelukpa orthodoxy, which not only transformed Mongol historical narratives and rituals but also displaced the earlier vernacular Mongolian Buddhism. Finally, Elverskog demonstrates how this eighteenth-century conception of a Mongol community, ruled by an aristocracy and nourished by a Buddhist emperor, gave way to a pan-Qing solidarity of all Buddhist peoples against Muslims and Christians and to local identities that united for the first time aristocrats with commoners in a new Mongol Buddhist identity on the eve of the twentieth century.

本书利用台北和北京所藏汉文与满文档案，采用内外朝的分析框架，深入细致地研究了清中期的军机处。本书认为，军需处—军机房—军机处三阶段说不成立。军机处有一逐步建立的过程，雍正时期的内廷机构是小规模、分立的，直到乾隆二年，才有了统一的、后来拥有广泛权力的军机处。非正式性的军机处拥有法外活力，加之保密性、满汉混合、人员兼职、频繁战事、皇帝热衷巡幸、大臣们的野心等因素，使它能在行政、通信等诸多领域迅速扩张。结果是：内廷有从君主统治到大臣管理的转型；君主的统治已离不开军机处，君主专制统治让位给了君主与大臣的合作；在决策上，大臣有可能限制君主的独断。嘉庆朝的军机处改革，是在军机处的主导下进行的，并未触动军机处的地位。军机处对清朝的统治影响深远。

From about 1600 to 1800, the Qing empire of China expanded to unprecedented size. Through astute diplomacy, economic investment, and a series of ambitious military campaigns into the heart of Central Eurasia, the Manchu rulers defeated the Zunghar Mongols, and brought all of modern Xinjiang and Mongolia under their control, while gaining dominant influence in Tibet. The China we know is a product of these vast conquests.<br /><br /><br /><br />Peter C. Perdue chronicles this little-known story of China's expansion into the northwestern frontier. Unlike previous Chinese dynasties, the Qing achieved lasting domination over the eastern half of the Eurasian continent. Rulers used forcible repression when faced with resistance, but also aimed to win over subject peoples by peaceful means. They invested heavily in the economic and administrative development of the frontier, promoted trade networks, and adapted ceremonies to the distinct regional cultures.<br /><br /><br /><br />Perdue thus illuminates how China came to rule Central Eurasia and how it justifies that control, what holds the Chinese nation together, and how its relations with the Islamic world and Mongolia developed. He offers valuable comparisons to other colonial empires and discusses the legacy left by China's frontier expansion. The Beijing government today faces unrest on its frontiers from peoples who reject its autocratic rule. At the same time, China has launched an ambitious development program in its interior that in many ways echoes the old Qing policies.<br /><br /><br /><br />China Marches West is a tour de force that will fundamentally alter the way we understand Central Eurasia.

In a brisk revisionist history, William Rowe challenges the standard narrative of Qing China as a decadent, inward-looking state that failed to keep pace with the modern West.
The Great Qing was the second major Chinese empire ruled by foreigners. Three strong Manchu emperors worked diligently to secure an alliance with the conquered Ming gentry, though many of their social edicts—especially the requirement that ethnic Han men wear queues—were fiercely resisted. As advocates of a “universal” empire, Qing rulers also achieved an enormous expansion of the Chinese realm over the course of three centuries, including the conquest and incorporation of Turkic and Tibetan peoples in the west, vast migration into the southwest, and the colonization of Taiwan.
Despite this geographic range and the accompanying social and economic complexity, the Qing ideal of “small government” worked well when outside threats were minimal. But the nineteenth-century Opium Wars forced China to become a player in a predatory international contest involving Western powers, while the devastating uprisings of the Taiping and Boxer rebellions signaled an urgent need for internal reform. Comprehensive state-mandated changes during the early twentieth century were not enough to hold back the nationalist tide of 1911, but they provided a new foundation for the Republican and Communist states that would follow.
This original, thought-provoking history of China’s last empire is a must-read for understanding the challenges facing China today.

清朝，是中國最後一個帝國，也是傳統中國轉向現代中國的轉捩點，
更是現代中國形成的關鍵時期。
大清帝國如何崛起，開創康雍乾盛世？
又如何經歷西方強權叩關，走向衰亡？
這段波瀾壯闊、風雲變色的歷史，在本書有最精采的描繪與解析。
本書作者羅威廉是《劍橋大學中國史》（The Cambridge History of China）系列作者群之一，是當今西方研究清史的權威學者。《中國最後的帝國：大清王朝》是繼魏斐德《大清帝國的衰亡》、史景遷《追尋現代中國：最後的王朝》之後，西方史學界極具代表性的清史研究專書，更為近半世紀西方清史研究的集大成之作。
本書是美國哈佛大學出版社《帝制中國史》（History of Imperial China）系列中的最後一冊，全書綜合近數十年來美國清史學界的新研究成果，呈現包括社會史研究、內亞轉向和歐亞轉向等三個重要的新取向。作者羅威廉教授從這些觀點出發，把大清帝國的歷史放入前後更長時段的中國史脈絡，以及更廣闊空間的全球性觀點中。書中以主題為主、時序為輔的方式安排章節，深入淺出地探討清代各時期的政治、社會、經濟、文化等各重要主題，分析與敘述兼長且極具可讀性。雖然本書原為針對美國讀者撰寫，然而對於想一窺歐美清史學界近數十年發展概要的臺灣讀者而言，仍是極佳的入門之作。
羅威廉在本書中運用西方的「帝國」概念恰如其分地詮釋清朝的歷史位置：清朝將蒙古、女真、西藏及其他非漢民族，成功地整合為一種新型態、超越性的政治體，類似近代早期歐亞大陸型態之多民族普世帝國，是民族主義浮現檯面前的政治形式。
名家推薦
羅威廉教授是馳名國際的清史專家，他這本《中國最後的帝國：大清王朝》，成功地綜合了國際及中國清史學界過去數十年的成果，具有典範性的價值。此書拋棄了清朝無能保守及中國近代史起於西力入侵的傳統觀點，將清朝視為一個克服種種挑戰、成就斐然而必須完整視之的重要斷代，以深入展現中國近代歷史自身演變的特質。作者同時融合了新清史、社會史、內亞史、東亞史以及比較世界歷史的眼光，對於清代歷史各重要階段的起源、發展及特性，做出了完整而深刻的詮釋。是以本書堪稱這數十年來海外清史研究最重要的通論性作品，為研究清史及中國近現史者所必讀。
－－吳展良，國立臺灣大學歷史學系教授
作者羅威廉在本書〈導言〉中說：歷史學家們現在對大清帝國的理解，與四、五十年前我們所曾經理解的大不一樣了。感謝作者羅威廉，本書夾敘夾議式的宏大敘事，不僅讓我們看到了半個世紀以來西方最富有活力的清史領域產出的豐碩成果，並且通過此一對比，領會五十年來人們對大清帝國的理解確實已經「大不一樣」。這一點也提醒華語史學界應更加重視西方同行研究清史過程中基本概念的重構（basic reconceptualization）和相關理論支架的可驗證性（testability of the related theoretical underpinnings）。
－－張廣達，中央研究院院士、國立政治大學歷史學系講座教授
羅威廉在這本精湛傑出的研究著作中，將最新的清史研究推介給一般讀者。《中國最後的帝國》為作者畢生研讀清史此領域之最新力作，對於我們瞭解中國史，這是一本治學嚴謹、值得信賴的重要之作。
－－蓋博堅（R. Kent Guy），華盛頓大學歷史學系教授
這是一本來自美國史學界的中國史嶄新論述。自1644年由非漢族的滿洲人征服明朝那一刻開始，傳統中國逐漸變得不太一樣。這意謂著過去以費正清為首的哈佛學派，其強調中國朝代更迭、道統延續的概念必須被摒棄……簡而言之，一如作者羅威廉教授在此書中所陳述，「內向封閉的天朝帝國」雖然業已消失，更有趣的卻在我們面前上演著。
－－Jonathan Mirsky ，《泰晤士報文學評論》（Times Literary Supplement）書評
一本針對中國史這段重要時代的最佳研究。
－－K. E. Stapleton，《Choice》書評