This book presents rigorous and criterial definitions of the major parts of speech, noun, verb and adjective, that account both for their syntactic behaviour and for their observed typological variation. Based on an examination of languages from five different groups, Salishan, Cora, Quechua, Totonac and Hausa, this book argues that parts of speech must be defined by combining the criteria of syntactic markedness, which characterises lexical classes in terms of unmarked syntactic roles and semantic prototypicality, which delimits their prototypical meanings. Adjectives are shown to be the marked (and hence, most variable) class because of their inherent non-iconicity at the semantics/syntax interface. The four-member typology of parts of speech systems (languages with three open classes, those that group adjectives with verbs, those that group adjectives with nouns and those that conflate all three) current in the literature is easily generated by free recombination of these two critical features. Closer examination of the data however, casts doubt on the existence of one of the four possible language-types, the noun-adjective conflating theory, which is accounted for here by replacing free recombination of semantic and syntactic features with an algorithm for the subdivision of the lexicon that gives primacy to semantics over syntax.

Parts of Speech are a central aspect of linguistic theory and analysis. Though a long-established tradition in Western linguistics and philosophy has assumed the validity of Parts of Speech in the study of language, there are still many questions left unanswered. For example, should Parts of Speech be treated as descriptive tools or are they to be considered universal constructs? Is it possible to come up with cross-linguistically valid formal categories, or are categories of language structure ultimately language-specific? Should they be defined semantically, syntactically, or otherwise? Do non-Indo-European languages reveal novel aspects of categorical assignment? This volume attempts to answer these and other fundamental questions for linguistic theory and its methodology by offering a range of contributions that spans diverse theoretical persuasions and contributes to our understanding of Parts of Speech with analyses of new data sets. These articles were originally published in Studies in Language 32:3 (2008).

This book is the first major cross-linguistic study of 'flexible words', i.e. words that cannot be classified in terms of the traditional lexical categories Verb, Noun, Adjective or Adverb. Flexible words can - without special morphosyntactic marking - serve in functions for which other languages must employ members of two or more of the four traditional, 'specialised' word classes. Thus, flexible words are underspecified for communicative functions like 'predicating' (verbal function), 'referring' (nominal function) or 'modifying' (a function typically associated with adjectives and e.g. manner adverbs). Even though linguists have been aware of flexible world classes for more than a century, the phenomenon has not played a role in the development of linguistic typology or modern grammatical theory. The current volume aims to address this gap by offering detailed studies on flexible word classes, investigating their properties and what it means for the grammar of a language to have such a word class. It includes new cross-linguistic studies of word class systems as well as original descriptive and theoretical contributions from authors with an expert knowledge of languages that have played - or should play - a role in the debate about flexible word classes, including Kharia, Riau Indonesian, Santali, Sri Lanka Malay, Lushootseed, Gooniyandi, and Late Archaic Chinese.

《现代汉语动名互转的认知研究》稿从认知语言学的角度对现代汉语中动词和名次的互相转化问题进行了系统深入的研究这种研究角度跟传统的结构主义语言学有根本的区别，从这一全新的角度出发去审视传统语言研究中长期悬而未决的问题，我们对这些问题就有了新的更贴近语言事实的看法。对描写出来的语言现象进行比较合理的解释，是《现代汉语动名互转的认知研究》不同于传统的研究动名转化的文章的不同之处。

This book provides a readable and clearly articulated introduction to the field of Cognitive Linguistics. It explores the far-reaching implications of Eleanor Rosch's seminal work on categorization and prototype theory, extending the application of prototype theory from lexical semantics to morphology, syntax, and phonology. The third edition is fully revised and updated to include the considerable developments in Cognitive Linguistics since 1987. It covers recent research on polysemy, meaning relatedness and metaphors, as well as expanding the discussion of syntactic categories and the relevance of computer simulations.

《现代汉语词类研究》是对现代汉语语法的词类问题的研究专著。作者对4万词的语料进行了考察、分析、研究、对前人的各种理论、学说进行了论证，从而对词类的本质问题提出了新的看法。他的观点突破了传统的认识，具有普遍的语言学意义。同时他在词类划分上提出了一套全新的操作程序和方法，即通过计算语法功能之间相容度的办法来揭示语法功能与词类之间的关系。这些都是前人所不曾做过的。

《语法分析讲稿》与“语法研究”课不同。讲一些语法分析的概念、观点、方法，希望对大家作语法研究有些帮助。也举一些例子但目的是通过例子讲方法。目前语言学理论分歧很大，[处于]新理论出现的酝酿阶段。边缘学科、哲学、数学、计算机、人工智能，对于语言学，特别是语法分析的刺激很大。