Summary
Games that show how mathematics can solve the apparently unsolvable.
This book presents a series of engaging games that seem unsolvable—but can be solved when they are translated into mathematical terms. How can players find their ID cards when the cards are distributed randomly among twenty boxes? By applying the theory of permutations. How can a player guess the color of her own hat when she can only see other players' hats? Hamming codes, which are used in communication technologies. Like magic, mathematics solves the apparently unsolvable. The games allow readers, including university students or anyone with high school–level math, to experience the joy of mathematical discovery.
The authors set up each game, specifying the number of players and props needed, and show readers how mathematical language reveals the problem's underlying structure. They explain the mathematical concepts with many examples, describe the history of the problem, and offer practical advice. Colorful and clever illustrations, featuring a flock of mathematically inclined ravens, help clarify things. All of the games can be presented to an audience; each one runs from sixty to ninety minutes, suitable for seminar presentations or lectures. The authors aim at maintaining mathematical precision while avoiding overly complex notation. Appendixes go into more detail, reviewing frequently used mathematical symbols, providing further information on a range of mathematical concepts, and offering chapter-specific mathematical explanations.
Endorsements
“A book of intriguing problems that are simple to state and yet seem impossible to solve. Each problem has been carefully chosen to illustrate an important mathematical concept. The lucid explanations provide aha moments that connect the problems to key ideas in a wide variety of undergraduate courses. A wonderful book for someone who likes mathematics and likes to be challenged!”
Chris Bernhardt, author of Quantum Computing for Everyone
“This is a fantastic book! It's full of clever and carefully constructed puzzles that will entertain any mathematically curious reader, from novice to expert.”
Richard J. Samworth, Professor of Statistical Science, University of Cambridge

A Financial Times Book of the Year, 2015
An Economist Best Book of the Year, 2015
A Bloomberg Best Book of the Year, 2015
The finance sector of Western economies is too large and attracts too many of the smartest college graduates. Financialization over the past three decades has created a structure that lacks resilience and supports absurd volumes of trading. The finance sector devotes too little attention to the search for new investment opportunities and the stewardship of existing ones, and far too much to secondary-market dealing in existing assets. Regulation has contributed more to the problems than the solutions.
Why? What is finance for? John Kay, with wide practical and academic experience in the world of finance, understands the operation of the financial sector better than most. He believes in good banks and effective asset managers, but good banks and effective asset managers are not what he sees.
In a dazzling and revelatory tour of the financial world as it has emerged from the wreckage of the 2008 crisis, Kay does not flinch in his criticism: we do need some of the things that Citigroup and Goldman Sachs do, but we do not need Citigroup and Goldman to do them. And many of the things done by Citigroup and Goldman do not need to be done at all. The finance sector needs to be reminded of its primary purpose: to manage other people s money for the benefit of businesses and households. It is an aberration when the some of the finest mathematical and scientific minds are tasked with devising algorithms for the sole purpose of exploiting the weakness of other algorithms for computerized trading in securities. To travel further down that road leads to ruin.

http://peterturchin.com/ages-of-discord/
Seventy percent of Americans (and counting) think so. The inflation-adjusted wage of a US worker today is less than 40 years ago—but there are four times as many multimillionaires. As inequality grows, the infrastructure frays and the politics become more poisonous. Every year, more and more Americans go on shooting sprees, killing strangers and passers-by—and now, increasingly, the representatives of the state.
Troubling trends of this kind are endlessly discussed by politicians, public intellectuals, and social scientists. But mostly, they talk about only a small slice of the overall problem. After all, how on earth can yet another murderous rampage have anything to do with polarization in Congress? And is there really a connection between too many multimillionaires and government gridlock?
Historical analysis shows that long spells of equitable prosperity and internal peace are succeeded by protracted periods of inequity, increasing misery, and political instability. These crisis periods—“Ages of Discord”—tend to share characteristic features, identifiable in many societies throughout history. Modern Americans, for example, may be disconcerted to learn that the US right now has much in common with the Antebellum 1850s and, even more surprisingly, with ancien régime France on the eve of the French Revolution. Can it really be true that our troubled age is nothing new, and that it arises periodically for similar underlying reasons? It can. Ages of Discord marshals a cohesive theory and detailed historical data to show that this is, indeed, the case. The book takes the reader on a roller-coaster ride through American history, from the Era of Good Feelings of the 1820s to our first Age of Discord, which culminated in the American Civil War, to post-WW2 prosperity and, finally, to our present, second Age of Discord.
Unlike societies in the past, however, we are in a unique position to take steps to escape the worst. Societal breakdown and the ensuing wave of violence can be avoided by taking collective, cooperative action. The structural-demographic theory, explained in this book, helps us understand why demographic, social, and political trends changed direction from favorable to unfavorable in America around the 1970s. Such understanding is the key to developing reforms that would reverse these negative trends and move us to a more equitable, prosperous, and peaceful society.

Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics - why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract - this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. Peter Turchin develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. He then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. Turchin's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of Turchin's results suggests that the synthetic approach he advocates can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.

“在知识的意义上，西方也是中国的一部分。”

“对西方而言，现在的中国已经不只是中国问题专家关注的对象，也正在成为他们知识思想发展的一个不容忽视的参照。”

本书为刘擎教授自2003年到2019年撰写的西方知识界年度回顾，致力于从“内部视角”去观察西方，并为当今中国的公共讨论提供相关背景和线索。作者围绕重要的思想争端、事件和书籍，从政治发展趋势、意识形态和文化领域等方面，呈现西方世界在20世纪前二十年的思想图景。同时，书中还收录作者重要的演讲和访谈，从总体上评估全球秩序的困境与未来、西方社会的现状和主流趋势，探讨世界主义与身份政治之间的关系。

【编辑推荐】
我们有石器时代的情感，中世纪的组织，却有着神一样的技术，这是最可怕的事情。
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人与机器之间的边界，最危险之处并不在于机器能够变得多么像人，而在于人在多大意义上已经变得像机器——像机器一样只在规范之内定义自己，接受权威灌输和社会主流观念的潜移默化以及消费主义的各种操纵，而无力反思更高层面的问题。毕竟，人的自由意志能力，并不体现在他们愿意做什么，而体现在他们不愿意去做什么。
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★我们总是过分强调精神与观念的伟大，却常常忽视技术对人类这一物种根本性的塑造能力
——现代社会和现代文明是启蒙运动时代的大知识分子的思想缔造的，还是科技进步缔造的，抑或是在国家和国家间的竞争中缔造的？如果没有现代技术的加持，新教改革能否发生，启蒙运动能否发生，英国革命、法国革命和美国革命能否发生？
——当下流行的那些经典解释框架—自由主义、民族主义或者左翼思想，它们有多少成分是在第一、二次工业革命之前就发展出来的？在今天，它们还有多大的有效性？
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★以技术驱动为视角，从两千年人类历史长河中，选出14个历史关键时刻，洞察人类不可逆转的命运走向
——弩，如何扣动了中国大一统的扳机？——圣本笃会与现代资本主义有何关系？——如何看待技术型制度与信念型制度间的差异？——为什么说火枪的发明彻底改变了人类的命运和历史走向？
——为什么工业革命独独发生于英国？——为什么“光荣革命”的意义不只是立宪革命，更是一场“技术革命”与“资本革命”？
——铁路的发明跟威权政府之间是什么样的关系？——机枪的发明如何让20世纪世界格局重新洗牌？——核武器的发明如何改变“国家工厂”的模型？
——人与机器之间的边界是什么？我们是不是可以说，机器取代了传统的基因进化，是人类进化的新形式，称为一种更高效地改变人类“性状”的方式？——如何理解当下中国制造与世界的关系？
——为什么说在技术型社会中，人人平等，但技术专家却比其他人更“平等”，这是进入技术社会必然发生的事情？
……
作者积十数年之功，依凭规模庞大的知识基座，以技术发生为经线、人类攀爬技术天梯为纬线，导演了一场文明演进的大戏。
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★物种规律：一种崭新的观察世界史演进（人物/历史事件）的视角
——过去人类惯常的观察视角，要么是以具体的个人在具体时空的活动为出发点，要么是试图从历史发展脉络中提炼某个主义或历史规律。
——但本书以为，更有意义的视角不是提炼历史规律，而是提炼物种规律：人类作为一个物种的规律远超于历史学家们熟悉的帝王将相史、文明史或思想史。
——在政治精英和文化精英之外，农夫、工匠和商贩们代表的庞大却易遭忽视的底层物质力量，必须得到反馈。
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★刘擎、吴国盛、吴思、刘苏里、张树新都被书中的洞见打动
本书以丰富的实例技术发展与社会演化的互动历程，学识渊博，语言和思想皆雄辩有力，既晓畅易懂，又洞见灵现。
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技术是人类意志的延伸，几乎内化于人的本质。人类处理与技术的关系，约等于处理人类自己——层级累进、彼此缠绕、相生相克，其重要程度不言而喻。人类度过幼年、少年、成年期后，不免反思“技术进步”的结果，争论可想而知。而一项论述得以成立，核心环节是提出正确的问题；进而解决这个问题，表明该项论述是成功的。
同时完成两项任务的作品并不多；而洞见迭出的论述，从来可遇不可求。作者积十数年之功，依凭规模庞大的知识基座，以技术发生为经线、人类攀爬技术天梯为纬线，导演了一场文明演进的大戏，波澜壮阔，令人叹为观止。“叹为观止”，引发讨论和争议乃题中之义。我期待接下来的讨论和争议。
——刘苏里 万圣书园创办人
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青年政治学家张笑宇讲述了一个关于技术与文明的故事。他打破了专业铁笼的束缚，进入跨学科的“汇流”视野，来探究技术发展与社会演化的互动历程。从细致的个案考察中呈现时而令人惊奇的发现，从而阐发独到而宏阔的分析思考。
这是一个妙趣横生、充满真知灼见而发人深省的故事，甚至是一个动人的故事。最终，这是关于我们的时代与未来的故事。
——刘擎 华东师范大学教授
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远行归来，没想到竟一口气读完《技术与文明》。本书实例丰富，洞见灵现，令人甚为惊艳，有一种几年前读尤瓦尔•赫拉利《人类简史》时的酣畅漓淋感！虽然有些思考，比如关于数字化和人工智能与未来社会的关系、中国发展与世界关系，似可再进一步深入和展开，但能在当下读到一本由中文青年作者原创、以技术驱动为视角且学识渊博的《人类群星闪耀时》，已殊为不易，可喜。
——张树新 阿拉善SEE生态公益学院院长 中国互联网产业奠基人之一
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【内容简介】
历史学家只能等待重大事件发生后再去记录，但技术早已为重大事件在什么时间以怎样的形式发生埋下了伏笔。
本书以技术驱动为视角，从几千年历史长河中筛选出14个关键历史时刻，洞察人类社会不可逆转的命运走向：
——弩，如何扣动了中国大一统的扳机？
——圣本笃会与现代资本主义有何关系？
——如何看待技术型制度与信念型制度间的差异？
——为什么说火枪的发明彻底改变了人类的命运和历史走向？
——为什么工业革命独独发生于英国？为什么“光荣革命”的意义不只是立宪革命，更是一场“技术革命”与“资本革命”？
——铁路的发明跟威权政府之间是什么样的关系？机枪的发明如何让20世纪世界格局重新洗牌？
——核武器的发明如何改变“国家工厂”的模型？
——人与机器之间的边界是什么？我们是不是可以说，机器取代了传统的基因进化，是人类进化的新形式，称为一种更高效地改变人类“性状”的方式？
——如何理解当下中国制造与世界的关系？
——为什么说在技术型社会中，人人平等，但技术专家却比其他人更“平等”，这是进入技术社会必然发生的事情？
…………
作者积十数年之功，依凭规模庞大的知识基座，以技术发生为经线、人类攀爬技术天梯为纬线，导演了一场文明演进的大戏。
我们总是过分强调精神与观念的伟大，却忽视技术对人类这一物种根本性的塑造能力。技术如同一道地平线，每增高一分，人类文明的图景就被改变一分；如今，技术把我们带到了一个从未想象过的运行规模和层面，世界正在发生缓慢而坚定的转变，无论是古代的伟大思想家，还是近代的启蒙运动先驱者，从未有人明确告诉我们该如何组织社会，如何与技术的力量共存，一切只能由我们自己摸索。

"As with his weekly column, James Montier's "Value Investing" is a must read for all students of the financial markets. In short order, Montier shreds the 'efficient market hypothesis', elucidates the pertinence of behavioral finance, and explains the crucial difference between investment process and investment outcomes. Montier makes his arguments with clear insight and spirited good humor, and then backs them up with cold hard facts. Buy this book for yourself, and for anyone you know who cares about their capital " --Seth Klarman, President, The Baupost Group LLCThe seductive elegance of classical finance theory is powerful, yet value investing requires that we reject both the precepts of modern portfolio theory (MPT) and pretty much all of its tools and techniques.In this important new book, the highly respected and controversial value investor and behavioural analyst, James Montier explains how value investing is the only tried and tested method of delivering sustainable long-term returns.James shows you why everything you learnt at business school is wrong; how to think properly about valuation and risk; how to avoid the dangers of growth investing; how to be a contrarian; how to short stocks; how to avoid value traps; how to hedge ignorance using cheap insurance. Crucially he also gives real time examples of the principles outlined in the context of the 2008/09 financial crisis.In this book James shares his tried and tested techniques and provides the latest and most cutting edge tools you will need to deploy the value approach successfully.It provides you with the tools to start thinking in a different fashion about the way in which you invest, introducing the ways of over-riding the emotional distractions that will bedevil the pursuit of a value approach and ultimately think and act differently from the herd.
点击链接进入中文版：
价值投资:通往理性投资之路

Data is at the center of many challenges in system design today. Difficult issues need to be figured out, such as scalability, consistency, reliability, efficiency, and maintainability. In addition, we have an overwhelming variety of tools, including relational databases, NoSQL datastores, stream or batch processors, and message brokers. What are the right choices for your application? How do you make sense of all these buzzwords?
In this practical and comprehensive guide, author Martin Kleppmann helps you navigate this diverse landscape by examining the pros and cons of various technologies for processing and storing data. Software keeps changing, but the fundamental principles remain the same. With this book, software engineers and architects will learn how to apply those ideas in practice, and how to make full use of data in modern applications.
Peer under the hood of the systems you already use, and learn how to use and operate them more effectively
Make informed decisions by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of different tools
Navigate the trade-offs around consistency, scalability, fault tolerance, and complexity
Understand the distributed systems research upon which modern databases are built
Peek behind the scenes of major online services, and learn from their architectures

From our twentieth-century perspective, we tend to think of the Europe of the past as a colonizer, a series of empires that conquered lands beyond their borders and forced European cultural values on other peoples. This provocative book shows that Europe in the Middle Ages was as much a product of a process of conquest and colonization as it was later a colonizer.

Despite 21st-century fears of an 'epidemic' of loneliness, its history has been sorely neglected. A Biography of Loneliness offers a radically new interpretation of loneliness as an emotional language and experience. Using letters and diaries, philosophical tracts, political discussions, and medical literature from the eighteenth century to the present, historian of the emotions Fay Bound Alberti argues that loneliness is not an ahistorical, universal phenomenon. It is, in fact, a modern emotion: before 1800, its language did not exist. And where loneliness is identified, it is not always bad, but a complex emotional state that differs according to class, gender, ethnicity and experience.
Looking at informative case studies such as Sylvia Plath, Queen Victoria, and Virginia Woolf, A Biography of Loneliness charts the emergence of loneliness as a modern and embodied emotional state.

《股市投资致富之道:投资大师费雪教你怎样炒股》是老费雪经典名著《怎样选择成长股》的姊妹篇，对于《怎样选择成长股》所提出的很多重要投资理念，《股市投资致富之道:投资大师费雪教你怎样炒股》在深度和广度上均有所突破，可以说是其投资的实践篇或投资的实践指南。该书试图解决两个问题。首先，投资者应如何确定一家公司是否具有卓尔不凡的管理层，它能否通过有效的管理为投资者创造一种能实现市值长期高速增长的投资工具；其次，对于这家非同寻常的公司，投资者应怎样掌握股票的最佳购进和抛售时机。费雪在书中不仅总结了如何通过股票投资获取丰厚利润的方法，而且为我们揭示了一种以最小风险创造最大收益的投资策略。费雪还为投资分析提供了一种标准化工具，向更多依赖专业投资建议的投资者展示了如何着手选择适合自身需要的投资顾问。书中生动且经典的案例比比皆是，作者的分析精辟透彻，既不乏专业性又不失趣味性，使人读起来心旷神怡，拍案叫绝。费雪对通货膨胀的分析极具前瞻性和预见性，就连弗里德曼也为书中令人难以置信的精辟分析所动容。即使在今天，这些观点和建议也依然不乏生命力，必定会让你叹服。费雪绝对无愧于“教父级的投资大师”这一称号。
Paths to Wealth through Common Stocks contains one original concept after another, each designed to greatly improve the results of those who self-manage their investments -- while helping those who rely on professional investment advice select the right advisor for their needs.

Originally written by investment legend Philip A. Fisher in 1960, this timeless classic is now reintroduced by his well-known and respected son, successful money manager Ken Fisher, in a new Foreword.

Filled with in-depth insights and expert advice, Paths to Wealth through Common Stocks expands upon the innovative ideas found in Fisher's highly regarded Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits -- summarizing how worthwhile profits have been and will continue to be made through common stock ownership, and revealing why his method can increase profits while reducing risk. Many of the ideas found here may depart from conventional investment wisdom, but the impressive results produced by these concepts -- which are still relevant in today's market environment -- will quickly remind you why Philip Fisher is considered one of the greatest investment minds of our time.

For almost a hundred years from the 1860s, the City of London's overseas banks financed the global trade that lay at the core of the British Empire. Foremost among them from the beginning were two start-up ventures: the Standard Bank of South Africa, which soon developed a powerful domestic franchise at the Cape, and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. This book traces their stories in the nineteenth century, their glory days before 1914 - and their remarkable survival in the face of global wars and the collapse of world trade in the first half of the twentieth century.
The unravelling of the Empire after 1945 eventually forced Britain's overseas banks to confront a different future. The Standard and the Chartered, alarmed at the expansion of American banking, determined in 1969 on a merger as a way of sustaining the best of the City's overseas traditions. But from the start, Standard Chartered had to grapple with the fading fortunes of its own inherited franchise - badly dented in both Asia and Africa - and with radical changes in the nature of banking. Its British managers, steeped in the past, proved ill-suited to the challenge. By the late 1980s, efforts to expand in Europe and the USA had brought the merged Group to the brink of collapse.
Yet it survived - and then pulled off a dramatic recovery. Standard Chartered realigned itself, just in time, with the phenomenal growth of Asia's 'emerging markets', many of them in countries where the Chartered had flourished a century earlier. In the process, the Group was transformed. Trebling its workforce, it brushed aside the global financial crisis of 2008 and by 2012 could look back on a decade of astonishing growth. Recent times have added an eventful postscript to a long and absorbing history.
Crossing Continents recounts Standard Chartered's story with a wealth of detail from one of the richest archives available to any commercial bank. The book also affords a rare and compelling perspective on the evolution of international trade and finance, showing how Britain's commercial influence has actually worked in practice around the world over one hundred and fifty years.

“One of the most significant books in my life.” —Obie Fernandez, Author, The Rails Way
“Twenty years ago, the first edition of The Pragmatic Programmer completely changed the trajectory of my career. This new edition could do the same for yours.” —Mike Cohn, Author of Succeeding with Agile, Agile Estimating and Planning, and User Stories Applied
“. . . filled with practical advice, both technical and professional, that will serve you and your projects well for years to come.” —Andrea Goulet, CEO, Corgibytes, Founder, LegacyCode.Rocks
“. . . lightning does strike twice, and this book is proof.” —VM (Vicky) Brasseur, Director of Open Source Strategy, Juniper Networks
The Pragmatic Programmer is one of those rare tech books you’ll read, re-read, and read again over the years. Whether you’re new to the field or an experienced practitioner, you’ll come away with fresh insights each and every time.
Dave Thomas and Andy Hunt wrote the first edition of this influential book in 1999 to help their clients create better software and rediscover the joy of coding. These lessons have helped a generation of programmers examine the very essence of software development, independent of any particular language, framework, or methodology, and the Pragmatic philosophy has spawned hundreds of books, screencasts, and audio books, as well as thousands of careers and success stories.
Now, twenty years later, this new edition re-examines what it means to be a modern programmer. Topics range from personal responsibility and career development to architectural techniques for keeping your code flexible and easy to adapt and reuse. Read this book, and you’ll learn how to:
Fight software rot
Learn continuously
Avoid the trap of duplicating knowledge
Write flexible, dynamic, and adaptable code
Harness the power of basic tools
Avoid programming by coincidence
Learn real requirements
Solve the underlying problems of concurrent code
Guard against security vulnerabilities
Build teams of Pragmatic Programmers
Take responsibility for your work and career
Test ruthlessly and effectively, including property-based testing
Implement the Pragmatic Starter Kit
Delight your users
Written as a series of self-contained sections and filled with classic and fresh anecdotes, thoughtful examples, and interesting analogies, The Pragmatic Programmer illustrates the best approaches and major pitfalls of many different aspects of software development. Whether you’re a new coder, an experienced programmer, or a manager responsible for software projects, use these lessons daily, and you’ll quickly see improvements in personal productivity, accuracy, and job satisfaction. You’ll learn skills and develop habits and attitudes that form the foundation for long-term success in your career.
You’ll become a Pragmatic Programmer.
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