This 1994 book presents a detailed description and history of one of the most famous companies of the early fourteenth century. This analysis of the Peruzzi Company produces a radical reassessment of what made the Florentine 'super-companies' so exceptional: commodity trading, especially in grain, which required heavy capital, sophisticated organisation, and an international network. But the book also exposes the limitations of their financial power, and explodes the myth that the collapse of the Peruzzi and its joint-venture partner, the Bardi, was caused by bad loans to Edward III made to finance his invasions of France.

全書分5篇13章與7個附錄。第1篇有3章：首章介紹格雷欣家族事業的多角化經營，與王室的長期密切關係。第2章解說為何王室需要代理人，格雷欣之前兩位代理人的業績。第3章解說格雷欣擔任代理人期間，遭遇的波折與過程。
第2篇分2章，解說都鐸的經濟與財政背景。第4章綜述三項背景。(1) 從英國長期的經濟趨勢來看，都鐸有哪些階段性的特點；(2) 解說都鐸的鑄幣與貶值問題；(3) 國內外貿易的特點和業務規模。第5章分析王室的財務收支與困難，如何從鑄幣、出售王莊園林、賣官爵、頒授特許權，來彌補財務虧空。
第3篇（6、7章）解說歐陸的金融與貿易市場：安特衛普（Antwerp）為何能成為16世紀的國際金融中心？安衛普的金主如何貸款給各國君主？
第4篇（8-11章）分析格雷欣對外債與內債的貢獻。第8章以具體細節，說明他替英國籌到多少資金，遇到哪些困難，作出哪些重要貢獻。第9章提出1528-68年間的英鎊匯率變動圖，論證英國當時的財務實力，尚不足以在安特衛普操縱英鎊匯率。第10章說明他對內債、貨幣重鑄、外匯委員會，有哪些見解與建議。第11章析述他在外交危機協商、情報工作、採購軍火的貢獻。
第5篇（12-13章）評價格雷欣的貢獻，對比繼任代理人的表現。書末有七項附錄：(1) 格雷欣興建的皇家交易所；(2) 格雷欣學院；(3) 海外探險商人；(4) 格雷欣與倫敦布業商會；(5) 格雷欣的商業日誌；(6) 格雷欣的傳記；(7) 英國的貨幣與幣值。最後另附：大事紀、文獻解說、參考書目。
Sir Thomas Gresham (1519-79) was a remarkable Crown financier in Tudor England. This study begins with Tudor macroeconomic structure and micro evidence regarding England’s foreign debt in the 16th century. Detailed information will be used to illustrate Gresham’s manipulating of foreign exchange and negotiations with major European money lenders, and evaluate his contributions to mitigate Tudor foreign debt problems.
This monograph contains 13 chapters and 7 appendices.Two specific issues are examined and answered. (1) The structure of Tudor revenues and expenditures, to show how serious were the deficits. (2) How Gresham helped the Crown to arrange and defray foreign borrowings.
To save the cost of borrowings and repayments, Gresham asked the Crown several times to allow him to manipulate exchange rates of Pound Sterling in the Bourse of Antwerp. Most Tudor economic historians misinterpreted Gresham’s letters as if he was able to do so. Based the recent available exchange rate statistics, I present the trend of exchange rate of Pound Sterling (1537-68) and argue that Gresham was unlikely to manipulate the foreign exchange market in Antwerp. Gresham was boasting his proposals and it was a fortune that the Crown did not follow his project continuously.

For six hundred years, the nations of Europe and North America have periodically attempted to coerce, invade, or conquer other societies. They have relied on their superior technology to do so, yet these technologies have not always guaranteed success. "Power over Peoples" examines Western imperialism's complex relationship with technology, from the first Portuguese ships that ventured down the coast of Africa in the 1430s to America's conflicts in the Middle East today. Why did the sailing vessels that gave the Portuguese a century-long advantage in the Indian Ocean fail to overcome Muslim galleys in the Red Sea? Why were the same weapons and methods that the Spanish used to conquer Mexico and Peru ineffective in Chile and Africa? Why didn't America's overwhelming air power assure success in Iraq and Afghanistan? In "Power over Peoples", Daniel Headrick traces the evolution of Western technologies - from muskets and galleons to jet planes and smart bombs - and sheds light on the environmental and social factors that have brought victory in some cases and unforeseen defeat in others. He shows how superior technology translates into greater power over nature and sometimes even other people, yet how technological superiority is no guarantee of success in imperialist ventures - because the technology only delivers results in a specific environment, or because the society being attacked responds in unexpected ways. Breathtaking in scope, "Power over Peoples" is a revealing history of technological innovation, its promise and limitations, and its central role in the rise and fall of empire.

In this volume an international team of scholars builds up a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal history of Europe over six centuries. It forms a fundamental starting-point for an understanding of the distinctiveness of the emerging European states, and highlights the issue of fiscal power as an essential prerequisite for the development of the modern state. The study underlines the importance of technical developments by the state, its capacity to innovate, and, however imperfect the techniques, the greater detail and sophistication of accounting practice towards the end of the period. New taxes had been developed, new wealth had been tapped, new mechanisms of enforcement had been established. In general, these developments were made in western Europe; the lack of progress in some fiscal systems, especially those in eastern Europe, is an issue of historical importance in its own right and lends particular significance to the chapters on Poland and Russia. By the eighteenth century 'mountains of debt' and high debt-revenue ratios had become the norm in western Europe, yet in the east only Russia was able to adapt to the western model by 1815. The capacity of governments to borrow, and the interaction of the constraints on borrowing and the power to tax had become the real test of the fiscal powers of the 'modern state' by 1800-15.

The growth of technological and scientific knowledge in the past two centuries has been the overriding dynamic element in the economic and social history of the world. Its result is now often called the knowledge economy. But what are the historical origins of this revolution and what have been its mechanisms? In "The Gifts of Athena", Joel Mokyr constructs an original framework to analyze the concept of "useful" knowledge. He argues that the growth explosion in the modern West in the past two centuries was driven not just by the appearance of new technological ideas but also by the improved access to these ideas in society at large - as made possible by social networks comprising universities, publishers, professional sciences, and kindred institutions.Through a wealth of historical evidence set in clear and lively prose, he shows that changes in the intellectual and social environment and the institutional background in which knowledge was generated and disseminated brought about the Industrial Revolution, followed by sustained economic growth and continuing technological change. Mokyr draws a link between intellectual forces such as the European enlightenment and subsequent economic changes of the nineteenth century, and follows their development into the twentieth century. He further explores some of the key implications of the knowledge revolution. Among these is the rise and fall of the "factory system" as an organizing principle of modern economic organization. He analyzes the impact of this revolution on information technology and communications as well as on the public's state of health and the structure of households. By examining the social and political roots of resistance to new knowledge, Mokyr also links growth in knowledge to political economy and connects the economic history of technology to the New Institutional Economics. "The Gifts of Athena" provides crucial insights into a matter of fundamental concern to a range of disciplines including economics, economic history, political economy, the history of technology, and the history of science.

The two great financial crises of the past century are the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Great Recession, which began in 2008. Both occurred against the backdrop of sharp credit booms, dubious banking practices, and a fragile and unstable global financial system. When markets went into cardiac arrest in 2008, policymakers invoked the lessons of the Great Depression in attempting to avert the worst. While their response prevented a financial collapse and catastrophic depression like that of the 1930s, unemployment in the U.S. and Europe still rose to excruciating high levels. Pain and suffering were widespread.
The question, given this, is why didn't policymakers do better? Hall of Mirrors, Barry Eichengreen's monumental twinned history of the two crises, provides the farthest-reaching answer to this question to date. Alternating back and forth between the two crises and between North America and Europe, Eichengreen shows how fear of another Depression following the collapse of Lehman Brothers shaped policy responses on both continents, with both positive and negative results. Since bank failures were a prominent feature of the Great Depression, policymakers moved quickly to strengthen troubled banks. But because derivatives markets were not important in the 1930s, they missed problems in the so-called shadow banking system. Having done too little to support spending in the 1930s, governments also ramped up public spending this time around. But the response was indiscriminate and quickly came back to haunt overly indebted governments, particularly in Southern Europe. Moreover, because politicians overpromised, and because their measures failed to stave off a major recession, a backlash quickly developed against activist governments and central banks. Policymakers then prematurely succumbed to the temptation to return to normal policies before normal conditions had returned. The result has been a grindingly slow recovery in the United States and endless recession in Europe.
Hall of Mirrors is both a major work of economic history and an essential exploration of how we avoided making only some of the same mistakes twice. It shows not just how the "lessons" of Great Depression history continue to shape society's response to contemporary economic problems, but also how the experience of the Great Recession will permanently change how we think about the Great Depression.

This is a reassessment of the international monetary crises of the post-World War I period, that led to the Great Depression of the 1930s. It also analyzes the responses of the world's economic powers to the Depression and how new monetary policies set the stage for the watershed post-World War II system established at Bretton Woods. It offers new theories of what effect the Great Depression had on the collapse of the world monetary system, and what effect the collapse had on deepening and prolonging the Depression, by exploring the link between global economic crises and the the gold standard (the framework for international monetary affairs until 1931).

The First Modern Economy, first published in 1997, provides a comprehensive economic history of the Netherlands during its rise to European economic leadership, the 'Golden Age', and subsequent decline (1500-1815). The authors argue that it was the first modern economy, and defend their position with detailed analyses of its major economic sectors, as well as investigations of social structure and macro-economic performance. Dutch economic history is placed in its European and world context, and inter-continental and colonial trade are discussed fully. Special emphasis is placed on the environmental context of economic growth and later decline, as well as on demographic developments. The authors also argue that the Dutch model of development and stagnation is applicable to currently maturing economies.

▌以坚实的定量数据，颠覆加州学派的大分流叙事
▌运用计量史学方法，还原300年欧亚经济演进史
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果如加州学派所说，19世纪之前，亚洲与欧洲发展不分伯仲吗？
欧洲兴起的“大爆炸”假说，能够得到定量证据支持吗？
市场力量何时取代地理环境，成为塑造人类经济活动的核心因素？
民族国家及其疆界，对贸易和经济发展有多重要？
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基于丰富的微观历史数据，讲述大分流的宏大故事，本书是经济史“用数据说话”的典范。与学术界的流行看法不同，本书认为，欧洲兴起成为世界经济的领导者，并非源于工业革命，更不能用煤炭和殖民来解释。运用17—20世纪的最新历史数据，作者令人信服地证明：大分流应该追溯到17世纪之前甚至更早。工业革命给欧洲带来了影响深远的结构变迁，确立了欧洲的世界霸权，但早在工业革命之前，欧洲已经具备明显的优越特征：更强大的交通系统，更大的贸易流，规模更大、运转更好的一体化市场，更高的生产率，以及更高的生活水平。本书主要对比的是欧洲与印度，但结论和研究方法具有普适性，也适用于其他地区。
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▌ Jan de Vries，美国经济史学会前会长——
彭慕兰《大分流》的核心论断是：欧亚大陆的主要经济体，在1800年之前，经济表现大体接近。如果该论断成立，那么小麦、稻米等基本商品市场的价格行为，也应该显示出类似的市场整合水平。施图德于是利用欧洲和印度的市场价格，来检验这一命题。运用经济学家的统计技术，施图德得出了清晰有力的结论：直到19世纪中叶以前，以任何指标度量，印度粮食市场都显示出很低的整合水平。因而，欧洲与印度之间大分流的时间，“至少要追溯到17世纪或更早”。将宏大的历史论断转化为可检验的命题，然后收集所需证据，运用相关统计方法进行合理检验——《大分流重探》是做到这一切的典范。施图德这本书是重大的贡献，应该引起历史学家的重视。
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▌ Cormac Ó Gráda, 美国经济史学会前会长——
东西方经济体之间的大分流发生于何时？这是现代经济史中的大问题。罗曼·施图德建立了一个可追溯到亚当·斯密的理论框架，结合最新数据和前沿分析，巧妙而让人信服地证明：在工业革命之前很久，西方世界商品市场的整合，就已经孵育出了高于东方的经济增长率和生活水平。
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▌ Barry Eichengreen，加州大学伯克利分校——
施图德提醒我们，加州学派考察的中国并不能代表亚洲。他的分析发现，在18世纪和19世纪，印度各地的粮价差异要大于欧洲。而地理特征是造成这种差异的重要因素，因为水运成本只是陆运成本的十分之一，而欧洲有便利货运的可通航河流和天然港口。铁路的修建的确促进了印度各地的市场整合，但那要等到19世纪中叶才会发生。施图德对数据的处理十分细致，也运用了合适的计量方法，他的结论完全令人信服。而他对欧洲和印度的两个内陆山地地区（瑞士和普纳）的对比分析，再次显示出了欧洲的优势，表明地理因素虽然重要，但也并非唯一的决定因素。
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▌ Tirthankar Roy，伦敦经济学院——
《大分流重探》聚焦于市场整合与贸易成本，将国际经济不平等的起源之争，导向了一个完全不同的方向。罗曼·施图德论述老练，统计分析严密，得出的结论让人信服。这是无可争议的大作。
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▌ Gregory Clark，加州大学戴维斯分校——
亚当·斯密的核心论点是，经济增长产生于有效率的市场。这本新锐著作复兴了斯密的传统，指出有效市场创造了增长，但有效市场仅局限于前工业时代的欧洲。这本书是重要的贡献，帮助我们理解工业革命为什么出现在西方。
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▌ Anand V. Swamy，威廉姆斯学院——
《大分流重探》的论述始于亚当·斯密的一个直观洞察：市场整合促进了经济增长。基于这个洞察，施图德比较了1600—1900年之间欧洲和印度的市场整合。施图德有力地指出：体积大、价值低的商品价格，在不同地区之间的趋同，能够反映市场的整合水平。施图德研究的是粮食市场，他运用一系列统计技术，考查了市场之间的价格联动，以及当冲击发生时，不同市场间的价格比率回归至长期水平的速度。全书证据确凿地表明：早在工业革命开始之前很久，印度的市场整合水平就落后于欧洲。
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▌ Pim de Zwart，瓦格宁根大学——
现代经济增长为什么发端于西方？施图德的《大分流重探》是对解答这个历史之谜的一个重大贡献。基于坚实的经验证据和严谨的统计技术，施图德有力地证明：更有效率、更加整合的商品市场，是欧洲领先的原因。本作毫无疑问将会对大分流之争产生持续影响。任何对这一争论感兴趣的人，《大分流重探》都值得一读。这本书文笔优美，条理清楚，是进入市场整合文献，以及从大分流角度探讨欧洲和印度经济史的文献的窗口。
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▌ Bishnupriya Gupta，华威大学——
施图德的研究对象，是亚洲两大经济体中的印度，试图回答这样一个问题：欧洲和印度之间的大分流，能够从市场整合中找到起源吗？基于这两个地区粮价的全新数据集，以两个市场间的距离作为解释因子，施图德对不同市场之间价格的相关性进行了统计检验。这样的经验分析表明：早在17世纪，欧洲就有了更大面积整合的区域性市场；而印度各地的市场一直是相互割裂的，价格之间的相关性，也仅仅局限在短距离的市场之间，这一状况一直延续到19世纪晚期铁路时代的到来。这本书是对大分流和市场整合文献的重要贡献，也是第一本将印度纳入大分流之争的学术研究。
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▌ Joshua Sooter，纽约大学——
加州学派认为欧亚之间的大分流发生得相对较晚，且是由生态和地理上的偶然因素造成的。但最近一些学者，利用印度次大陆的数据，挑战了这种观点。施图德的《大分流重探》是其中的代表作。施图德对欧洲与印度的粮食价格，包括印欧内部各地粮价的相对趋同，进行了定量分析，据此比较了欧洲和印度的市场整合水平。施图德的分析证明，瑞士与欧洲粮食市场的整合度，分别要高于西高止山脉地区与整个印度次大陆的整合度，因而瑞士享有越来越大的经济繁荣，而西高止山脉地区“市场的特点是规模小且相互隔绝，这种局面一直持续到19世纪中叶”。

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The Worldly Philosophers is a bestselling classic that not only enables us to see more deeply into our history but helps us better understand our own times. In this seventh edition, Robert L. Heilbroner provides a new theme that connects thinkers as diverse as Adam Smith and Karl Marx. The theme is the common focus of their highly varied ideas -- namely, the search to understand how a capitalist society works. It is a focus never more needed than in this age of confusing economic headlines. In a bold new concluding chapter entitled "The End of the Worldly Philosophy?" Heilbroner reminds us that the word "end" refers to both the purpose and limits of economics. This chapter conveys a concern that today's increasingly "scientific" economics may overlook fundamental social and political issues that are central to economics. Thus, unlike its predecessors, this new edition provides not just an indispensable illumination of our past but a call to action for our future.

Beginning with the integration of Latin America into the world trading system centered on Europe and North America during the century before 1930, this 2003 book explores the successes and failures of export-led growth. Using new data on exports and a simple model to explore the relationship between exports and growth, the author pays particular attention to the question that has most concerned policy-makers in Latin America: how to transfer growth in the export sector to the rest of the economy, raising living standards and real income per head. The author examines the routes through which Latin American republics extricated themselves from the debt problem in pursuit of a new version of export-led growth. Taking its narrative from the end of the colonial epoch to the present, this book provides a comprehensive balanced portrait of the factors affecting economic development in Latin America.

这是一部百科全书式的经典巨著，书写了15至18世纪的资本主义发达史，由法国年鉴学派第二代领军人物、集大成者布罗代尔历时二十余年结撰而成。作者认为，资本主义并不是一朝一夕出现的，其基础只能在长时段的日常物质生活中去寻找。因此他以“总体史”为目标，以长达四百年的时段为整体对 象，从特定角度描述了世界物质文明和经济发展的历史。
全书共分三卷。第一卷《日常生活的结构：可能和不可能》好比“为世界过一次磅”，旨在确认前工业化时期世界的潜力限度，当时“物质世界”占据重要地位。
作为集大成之作，本书不仅展示出布罗代尔的博学广闻和驾驭浩瀚史料的非凡才能，也充分体现了年鉴学派对长时段发展和经济社会结构两个维度的重视与研究，而它在架构、概念、理论与论证方面所引发的争辩也使其更具长久的魅力。

In this anthology of news articles, critical essays and excerpts from biographies, letters and literature, editor Beatty (The World According to Peter Drucker), a senior editor at the Atlantic Monthly, charts a history of for-profit corporations from the 17th century to today from the Massachusetts Bay Company and the first railroads to Safeway and Time Warner. Contributors as diverse as a mill worker named Sarah Hodgson, John Steinbeck, 19th-century Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney and Susan Faludi address issues ranging from child labor, strikes and capitalist indoctrination in schools to scientific management and the hostile takeover. The focus of the book drifts from a history of for-profit corporations to an account of large-scale business enterprises regardless of legal form. However, some inclusions fit neither vision, such as a commentary by Charles Dickens on American spitting and a 30-page discussion of AT&T advertising from 1906 to 1939. More confusing are the sometimes sloppy attributions: an extreme example begins with a fragment from a quotation by Alexander Hamilton followed by a quote from "two historians of the 1790's" without further elaboration on who they were and whether they wrote during the period or studied it. Drawing mostly on recent secondary sources, the book encompasses a range of viewpoints, from intellectuals to laborers, yielding a sometimes muddled but often richly textured overview. Agent, Rafe Sagalyn. (On-sale Apr. 10)Forecast: Aimed at the sophisticated audience among whom Ron Chernow (The House of Morgan, etc.) has enjoyed great success, this flawed yet intriguing collection won't come close to Chernow's sales, but should find a solid niche.

What explains the national economic success of the United States, Britain, Germany, and Japan? What can be learned from the long-term championship performances of leading business firms in each country? How important were specific innovations by individual entrepreneurs? And in the end, what is the true nature of capitalist development? The Pulitzer Prize winning historian Thomas K. McCraw and his co-authors present answers to these questions. The book explains, for a broad audience, the interconnections among technological innovation, management science, the power of entrepreneurship, and national economic growth. The authors approach each question from a comparative framework and with a triple focus on national economic systems, particular companies, and individual business leaders. Above all, the book focuses on how specific entrepreneurs influenced the economic success of their countries: Josiah Wedgwood and Henry Royce in Britain; August Thyssen and Georg von Siemens in Germany; Henry Ford, Alfred Sloan, and the two Thomas J. Watsons in the United States; Sakichi Toyoda, Masatoshi Ito, and Toshifumi Suzuki in Japan.

Unequal Gains offers a radically new understanding of the economic evolution of the United States, providing a complete picture of the uneven progress of America from colonial times to today.
While other economic historians base their accounts on American wealth, Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson focus instead on income--and the result is a bold reassessment of the American economic experience. America has been exceptional in its rising inequality after an egalitarian start, but not in its long-run growth.
America had already achieved world income leadership by 1700, not just in the twentieth century as is commonly thought. Long before independence, American colonists enjoyed higher living standards than Britain--and America's income advantage today is no greater than it was three hundred years ago. But that advantage was lost during the Revolution, lost again during the Civil War, and lost a third time during the Great Depression, though it was regained after each crisis. In addition, Lindert and Williamson show how income inequality among Americans rose steeply in two great waves--from 1774 to 1860 and from the 1970s to today--rising more than in any other wealthy nation in the world. Unequal Gains also demonstrates how the widening income gaps have always touched every social group, from the richest to the poorest. The book sheds critical light on the forces that shaped American income history, and situates that history in a broad global context.
Economic writing at its most stimulating, Unequal Gains provides a vitally needed perspective on who has benefited most from American growth, and why.

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