This sweeping history of the development of professional, institutionalized intelligence examines the implications of the fall of the state monopoly on espionage today and beyond.
During the Cold War, only the alliances clustered around the two superpowers maintained viable intelligence endeavors, whereas a century ago, many states could aspire to be competitive at these dark arts. Today, larger states have lost their monopoly on intelligence skills and capabilities as technological and sociopolitical changes have made it possible for private organizations and even individuals to unearth secrets and influence global events.
Historian Michael Warner addresses the birth of professional intelligence in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century and the subsequent rise of US intelligence during the Cold War. He brings this history up to the present day as intelligence agencies used the struggle against terrorism and the digital revolution to improve capabilities in the 2000s. Throughout, the book examines how states and other entities use intelligence to create, exploit, and protect secret advantages against others, and emphasizes how technological advancement and ideological competition drive intelligence, improving its techniques and creating a need for intelligence and counterintelligence activities to serve and protect policymakers and commanders.
The world changes intelligence and intelligence changes the world. This sweeping history of espionage and intelligence will be a welcomed by practitioners, students, and scholars of security studies, international affairs, and intelligence, as well as general audiences interested in the evolution of espionage and technology.

Is infinity a valid mathematical property or a meaningless abstraction? David Foster Wallace brings his intellectual ambition and characteristic bravura style to the story of how mathematicians have struggled to understand the infinite, from the ancient Greeks to the nineteenth-century mathematical genius Georg Cantor's counterintuitive discovery that there was more than one kind of infinity. Smart, challenging, and thoroughly rewarding, Wallace's tour de force brings immediate and high-profile recognition to the bizarre and fascinating world of higher mathematics.

"The sillier the market's behavior, the greater the opportunity for the business-like investor. Follow Graham and you will profit from folly rather than participate in it."—Warren E. Buffett. "[Graham] is the genius who literally created the framework for investment analysis that leads to successful investing. Like that other genius Edison, Graham created light where there was none." —Bill Ruane, Sequoia Fund. "It's never the wrong time to invoke the name of Benjamin Graham, value investor par excellence." —Money "The search for intelligent investing should begin with the remarkable Benjamin Graham's timeless teachings. Read Lowe's book and you'll learn to seek what the original master sought as she helps Graham reclaim his rightful place as the most important and extraordinary investment writer of any generation."—Kenneth Lee, author of Trouncing the Dow. Known as the "father of value investing," Benjamin Graham was—and is—one of America's most lauded financial thinkers. Billionaire investor Warren Buffett, a former student of Graham, extols him to this day. Brilliant, successful, and ethical, he revolutionized investment philosophy by introducing the concepts of security analysis, fundamental analysis, and value investing—theories that have become timeless essentials of the field. Now, Janet Lowe, author of Benjamin Graham on Value Investing and Warren Buffett Speaks, reintroduces the foundations of Graham's eminence—including his ever-relevant market observations and his assessment of long-term economic problems—by presenting a unique compilation of his writings that contains rare and/or previously unpublished articles, lectures, and interviews. Almost twenty-five years after his death, Benjamin Graham continues to have one of the largest and most loyal followings of any investment philosopher of this century. A prolific and popular writer whose trademark was blending original ideas with wit and intelligence, he has guided and inspired Wall Street professionals with his thoughtful ruminations and piercing insights on a host of investment and economic topics. Though bits and pieces of this material are widely quoted even today, the full writings have not always been easy to find—until now. The result of in-depth research, The Rediscovered Benjamin Graham brings together the very best the investment legend had to offer, including such incisive works as: "Inflated Treasuries and Deflated Stocks: Are Corporations Milking Their Owners?" "The Ethics of American Capitalism". "Proposals for an International Commodity-Reserve Currency". "The New Speculation in Common Stocks". "Is American Business Worth More Dead Than Alive?". "The Simplest Way to Select Bargain Stocks". A groundbreaking volume that fills an important niche in investment literature, The Rediscovered Benjamin Graham is destined to become as timeless a classic as its distinguished subject. Jacket Design: Don Welsh

Carolrhoda's best-selling Creative Minds Biographies series appeals to a wide range of readers. Written in story format, these biographies also include inviting black-and-white illustrations.

The Complexity of Robot Motion Planning makes original contributions both to robotics and to the analysis of algorithms. In this groundbreaking monograph John Canny resolves long-standing problems concerning the complexity of motion planning and, for the central problem of finding a collision free path for a jointed robot in the presence of obstacles, obtains exponential speedups over existing algorithms by applying high-powered new mathematical techniques.Canny's new algorithm for this "generalized movers' problem," the most-studied and basic robot motion planning problem, has a single exponential running time, and is polynomial for any given robot. The algorithm has an optimal running time exponent and is based on the notion of roadmaps - one-dimensional subsets of the robot's configuration space. In deriving the single exponential bound, Canny introduces and reveals the power of two tools that have not been previously used in geometric algorithms: the generalized (multivariable) resultant for a system of polynomials and Whitney's notion of stratified sets. He has also developed a novel representation of object orientation based on unnormalized quaternions which reduces the complexity of the algorithms and enhances their practical applicability.After dealing with the movers' problem, the book next attacks and derives several lower bounds on extensions of the problem: finding the shortest path among polyhedral obstacles, planning with velocity limits, and compliant motion planning with uncertainty. It introduces a clever technique, "path encoding," that allows a proof of NP-hardness for the first two problems and then shows that the general form of compliant motion planning, a problem that is the focus of a great deal of recent work in robotics, is non-deterministic exponential time hard. Canny proves this result using a highly original construction.John Canny received his doctorate from MIT And is an assistant professor in the Computer Science Division at the University of California, Berkeley. The Complexity of Robot Motion Planning is the winner of the 1987 ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award.

In 1942, Lt. Herman H. Goldstine, a former mathematics professor, was stationed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. It was there that he assisted in the creation of the ENIAC, the first electronic digital computer. The ENIAC was operational in 1945, but plans for a new computer were already underway. The principal source of ideas for the new computer was John von Neumann, who became Goldstine's chief collaborator. Together they developed EDVAC, successor to ENIAC. After World War II, at the Institute for Advanced Study, they built what was to become the prototype of the present-day computer. Herman Goldstine writes as both historian and scientist in this first examination of the development of computing machinery, from the seventeenth century through the early 1950s. His personal involvement lends a special authenticity to his narrative, as he sprinkles anecdotes and stories liberally through his text.</p>

Metamathematics is mathematics used to study mathematics', or it involves the application of a philosophy of mathematics. The first part of this general description appears tautological, or is perhaps open to Bertrand Russell's and Alfred Whitehead's types of antimonies (e.g., "the of all sets is not a set"), as described in their famous "Principia Mathematica." An alternative, non-circular definition is as follows: Metamathematics is the study of metatheories of standard theories in mathematics, or about mathematical--not purely logical'-- theories. Thus, in Encyclop]dia Britannica, metatheory is defined as a ," MT, the subject matter of which is another theory, T . A finding proved in the former (MT) that deals with the latter (T) is known as a metatheorem " (cited from Metatheory-Encyclop]dia Britannica Online). Thus, a major part of metamathematics deals with: metatheorems, that is " about theorems," meta-propositions about propositions, metatheories about mathematical proofs (that of course utilize logic, but also are based upon fundamental mathematics concepts), and so on. Meta-mathematical metatheorems about mathematics itself were originally differentiated from ordinary mathematical theorems in the 19th century, to focus on what was then called the foundational crisis of mathematics. Richard's paradox concerning certain 'definitions' of real numbers in the English language is an example of the sort of contradictions which can easily occur if one fails to distinguish between mathematics and metamathematics. Bertrand Russell's and Alfred Whitehead's type of paradoxes is yet another important example of possible contradictions due to such failures in the 'old' set theory.

We all know that water and sound move in waves-but gravity? In Marcia Bartusiak's new book, we are introduced to the physics of gravity waves-or vibrations in space-time. We learn about the new generation of observatories, now being completed worldwide, that will give astronomers not just a new window on the cosmos but a whole new sense with which to explore the heavens. Instead of collecting light waves or radio waves, these novel instruments will allow scientists to listen to the very rhythms of the universe, adding an auditory dimension to the grand images we study through powerful telescopes.
In accessible and lively writing that translates intricate physical concepts into lyrical language, Bartusiak describes how a gravity wave surges through the cosmos at the speed of light. She traces the fascinating story of Einstein's theory of general relativity and goes on to explore how physicists' views of gravity waves have evolved over the decades. We also come to know many of the people involved in today's experiments. As Bartusiak weaves their personal histories in with the ultimate aspirations for the new technologies, an absorbing story of science unfolds. This gripping account of complex, cutting-edge science is brought down to earth and made interesting by an author skilled in the telling of popular science.