For more than a century, photography has revealed truths, exposed lies, advanced the public discourse, and inspired people to demand change. Socially conscious pioneers with cameras transformed the worldand that legacy lives on in this eye-opening, thought-provoking, and (we hope) action-inducing book. Like Jacob Riis’s How the other Half Lives , Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring , and Jonathan Schell’s The Fate of the Earth before it, we believe that What Matters will fundamentally alter the way we see and understand the human race and our planet.
What Matters asks: What are the essential issues of our time? What are the pictures that will spark public outrage and spur reform? The answer appears in 18 powerful, page-turning stories by the foremost photojournalists of our age, edited by The New York Times best-selling author/editor David Elliot Cohen ( A Day in the Life and America 24/7 series), and featuring trenchant commentary from well-recognized experts and thinkers in appropriate fields. Photographer Gary Braasch and climate-change guru Bill McKibben provide A Global Warming Travelogue” that takes us from ice caves in Antarctica to smoke-spewing coal plants in Beijing. Brent Stirton and Peter A. Glick examine a Thirsty World,” chronicling the daily search for clean water in non-developed countries. James Nachtwey and bestselling poverty expert Jeffrey D. Sachs look at the causes of, and cures for, global poverty in The Bottom Billion.” Stephanie Sinclair and Judith Bruce present the preteen brides of Afghanistan, Nepal, and Ethiopia.
Sometimes the juxtaposition of photographs can be startling: Shop til We Drop,” Lauren Greenfield’s images of upscale consumer culture, starkly contrast with Shehzad Noorani’s Children of the Black Dust”child laborers in Bangladesh, their faces blackened with carbon dust from recycled batteries.
The combination of compelling photographs and insightful writing make this a highly relevant, widely discussed book bound to appeal to anyone concerned about the crucial issues shaping our world. What Matters is, in effect, a 336-page illustrated letter to the next American president about the issues that count. It will inspire readers to do their parthowever smallto make a difference: to help, the volume includes extensive What You Can Do” sections with a menu of web links and effective actions readers can take now. This year give What Matters .

莫泊桑短篇小说的代表作。写普法战争时，法国的一群贵族、政客、商人、修女等高贵者，和一个叫作羊脂球的妓女，同乘一辆马车逃离普军占区，在一关卡受阻。普鲁士军官要求同羊脂球过夜，遭到羊脂球拒绝，高贵者们也深表气愤。但马车被扣留后，高贵者们竟施展各种伎俩迫使羊脂球就范，而羊脂球最终得到的却是高贵者们的轻蔑。小说反衬鲜明，悬念迭生，引人入胜，写出了法国各阶层在占领者面前的不同态度，揭露了贵族资产阶级的自私、虚伪和无耻，赞扬了羊脂球的牺牲精神。
莫泊桑是十九世纪后期自然主义文学潮流中仅次于左拉的大作家。他继承了法国现实主义文学的传统，又接受了左拉的影响，带有明显的自然主义倾向。他在相当短暂的一生里，取得了令人瞩目的文学成就。他既是一系列著名长篇小说的作者，更是短篇小说创作的巨匠。他数量巨大的短篇小说所达到的艺术水平，不仅在法国文学中，而且在世界文坛上，都是卓越超群的，具有某种典范的意义，所以人称“短篇小说之王”。
莫泊桑(Guy de Maupassant，1850-1893)一八五O年八月五日诞生于诺曼底省，名为贵族后裔，实际上其祖父只是复辟时期的一个税务官，父亲则是一个游手好闲、没有固定职业的浪荡子。莫泊桑在诺曼底的乡间与城镇度过了他的童年，一八五九至一八六O年随父母到巴黎小住，就读于拿破仑中学，后因父亲无行、双亲离异，随母又回到诺曼底。故乡的生活与优美的大自然给莫泊桑的影响很深，成为他日后文学创作的一个重要源泉。
莫泊桑的母亲洛尔·勒·普阿特文具有深厚的文学修养，莫泊桑从小就深受她的熏陶。洛尔的哥哥阿尔弗莱德颇有文名，青年时期曾是福楼拜以及帕纳斯派诗人路易·布耶的同窗。莫泊桑在鲁昂城高乃依中学念书时就结识了舅舅的这两位老友，这时，他早已是一个喜爱文学并已开始习作诗歌的青年，他从这两位前辈那里听到了“简明的教诲”，获得了“对于技巧的深刻认识”与“不断尝试的力量”，可惜的是，路易·布耶于一八六九年就去世了。同年，莫泊桑来到巴黎大学改修法律，不久普法战争爆发，莫泊桑被征入伍，在军队里担任过文书与通讯工作。在这场灾难中，他耳闻目睹了法军可耻的溃败、当权者与有产者的卑劣以及普通人民的爱国主义热情与英勇抗敌的事例，感触很深，所有这些日后成为他文学创作的又一个重要源泉。
战后退伍，由于家庭经济拮据，莫泊桑于一八七二年三月开始在海军部任小职员，七年之后，又转入公共教育部，直到一八八一年完全退职。在小职员空虚无聊的生活中，莫泊桑不幸染上了恶习，私生活放荡，这种下了他过早身亡的祸根。但另一方面，他勤奋写作，拜福楼拜为师，在他的具体指导下刻苦磨砺，长期不怠。在此期间，他于一八七六年又结识了阿莱克斯、瑟阿尔、厄尼克、于斯曼等青年作家，他们都以左拉为崇拜对象，经常在巴黎郊区左拉的梅塘别墅聚会，号称“梅塘集团”。一八八O年，“梅塘集团 ”六作家以普法战争为题材的合集《梅塘之夜》问世，其中以莫泊桑的《羊脂球》最为出色，这个中篇的辉煌成功，使莫泊桑一夜之间蜚声巴黎文坛。
《羊脂球》写于一八七九年，是莫泊桑经过长期写作锻炼之后达到完全成熟的标志，紧接着这个中篇，是如喷泉一样涌出的一大批中短篇小说。从一八八O年到一八九一年因病停笔，十年期间，他共创作发表了三百余篇中短篇小说，几乎每年都有数量可观的精彩之作问世，特别是在前三四年，佳品更是以极大的密集程度出现，一八八一年有《一家人》、《在一个春天的夜晚》、《戴丽叶春楼》，一八八二年有《菲菲小姐》、《一个儿子》、《修软椅的女人》、《小狗皮埃罗》、《一个诺曼底佬》、《月光》、《遗嘱》，一八八三年有《骑马》、《在海上》、《两个朋友》、《珠宝》、《米隆老爹》、《我的叔叔于勒》、《勋章到手了》、《绳子》，一八八四年有《烧伞记》、《项链》、《幸福》、《遗产》、《衣柜》等等。一八八五年，莫泊桑短篇小说创作中名篇的数量有所下降，但仍不乏出色之作，如《珍珠小姐》(1886)、《流浪汉》(1887)、《港口》(1889)、《橄榄园》(1890) 等。 早在以短篇小说成名之前，莫泊桑就开始了长篇小说的创作，他的第一个长篇《一生》经过几年的耕耘，于一八八一年完成，一八八三年问世。自此，他逐渐由短篇转向长篇，在几年之内相继发表与出版了几部著名的作品，一八八五年：《漂亮朋友》；一八八六年：《温泉》；一八八八年：《皮埃尔与让》；一八八九年：《如死一般强》；一八九O年：《我们的心》。
莫泊桑早就有神经痛的征兆，他长期与病魔斗争，坚持写作。巨大的劳动强度与未曾收敛的放荡生活，使他逐渐病入膏肓，到一八九一年，他已不能再进行写作，在遭受疾病残酷的折磨之后，终于在一八九三年七月六日去世，享年仅四十三岁。
一、短篇小说创作
莫泊桑是法国文学史上短篇小说创作数量最大、成就最高的作家，三百余篇短篇小说的巨大创作量在十九世纪文学中是绝无仅有的；他的短篇所描绘的生活面极为广泛，实际上构成了十九世纪下半期法国社会一幅全面的风俗画；更重要的是，他把现实主义短篇小说的艺术提高到了一个前所未有的水平，他在文学史上的重要地位主要就是由他短篇小说的成就所奠定的。
莫泊桑短篇小说的题材是丰富多彩的，在他的作品里，形形色色的社会生活，如战争的溃败、上流社会的喜庆游乐、资产者沙龙里的聚会、官僚机构里的例行公事、小资产阶级家庭的日常生活、外省小镇上的情景、农民的劳动与生活、宗教仪式与典礼、酒馆妓院里的喧闹，等等，都有形象的描绘；社会各阶级各阶层的人物，从上层的贵族、官僚、企业家到中间阶层的公务员、自由职业者、小业主，到下层的工人、农民、流浪汉以至乞丐、妓女，都得到了鲜明的勾画；法国广阔天地里，从巴黎闹市到外省城镇以及偏远乡村与蛮荒山野的风貌人情，也都有生动的写照。在广阔的艺术视野与广阔的取材面上，莫泊桑的短篇显然超过了过去的梅里美与同时代的都德，而在他广泛的描写中，又有着三个突出的重点，即普法战争、巴黎的小公务员生活与诺曼底地区乡镇的风光与轶事。
二、长篇小说创作
莫泊桑的长篇小说共有六部，即《一生》、《漂亮朋友》、《温泉》、《皮埃尔与让》、《如死一般强》、《我们的心》，其中以《一生》与《漂亮朋友》最为重要，《皮埃尔与让》亦甚出色。

“这是我真正不得不写的一本书。我写，是出自义愤。即使拿不到一分钱，我也不在乎。让世界知道1937年在南京发生了什么事，对我来讲，这才是重要的。”
——张纯如
作者照片：

张纯如，在新泽西州普林斯顿出生，在伊利诺州长大。1989年从伊利诺大学毕业后，曾在美联社和芝加哥论坛报当记者，后来从约翰·霍普金斯大学获得写作学位，并开始全职写作和演说。

张纯如出身书香门第，祖父是抗日国军将领张铁军，后曾为台湾中华日报总主笔。其父当年是台大物理系“状元”，其专著《量子场论》在美国理论物理学术界颇有影响。张纯如的母亲一直从事生物化学的研究工作。

张纯如曾荣膺麦克阿瑟基金会“和平与国际合作计划”奖、美国华人团体“年度女性”称号，并且获得美国“国家科学基金会”、“太平洋文化基金会”及“哈利·杜尔门图书馆”赞助。张纯如曾成为世界最著名的文摘杂志《读者文摘》的封面人物，受到许多电视节目邀请，包括著名新闻访谈节目《夜线》(Nightline)和《吉姆莱赫新闻时间》(NewsHour With Jim Lehrer)，也为多家出版物(包括《纽约时报》和《新闻周刊》)写稿。她与NBA体育明星“东方小巨人”姚明、著名钢琴家郎朗被誉为当下美国最引人瞩目的三位华人青年。

1997年，张纯如的《南京大屠杀：被二战遗忘的浩劫》在美国出版。与南京大屠杀有关的研讨会也因此在美国哈佛及斯坦福等大学举行，美国新闻媒介都大幅报道了南京大屠杀。张纯如自己也曾到纽约等地作关于这段历史的演讲。《南京大屠杀》是首部全面记录当年日军血洗南京城暴行的英文著作，曾连续5个月被列为《纽约时报》书评的最佳畅销书，引起英语世界对二次大战时日本在中国实施暴行的关注。1998年4月，东方出版社翻译的20万字《南京大屠杀：被二战遗忘的浩劫》中译本在北京出版。

2004年11月9日，张纯如突然在美国加州自己的轿车内用手枪自杀身亡。有消息推测，年仅36岁的她可能因患抑郁症自杀。

在她的网上祭奠堂的挽联中这样写道：
历经千辛示倭鬼恶昭告世界中华第一人，
自古有死太息青云一瞬如君摇落更堪悲。
Publisher Comments :
In December 1937, the Japanese army swept into the ancient city of Nanking. Within weeks, more than 300,000 Chinese civilians were systematically raped, tortured, and murdered — a death toll exceeding that of the atomic blasts of Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined. Using extensive interviews with survivors and newly discovered documents, Iris Chang has written what will surely be the definitive history of this horrifying episode.
The Rape of Nanking tells the story from three perspectives: of the Japanese soldiers who performed it, of the Chinese civilians who endured it, and of a group of Europeans and Americans who refused to abandon the city and were able to create a safety zone that saved almost 300,000 Chinese. Among these was the Nazi John Rabe, an unlikely hero whom Chang calls the "Oskar Schindler of China" and who worked tirelessly to protect the innocent and publicize the horror. More than just narrating the details of an orgy of violence, The Rape of Nanking analyzes the militaristic culture that fostered in the Japanese soldiers a total disregard for human life. Finally, it tells the appalling story: about how the advent of the Cold War led to a concerted effort on the part of the West and even the Chinese to stifle open discussion of this atrocity. Indeed, Chang characterizes this conspiracy of silence, that persists to this day, as "a second rape".
Amazon.com
China has endured much hardship in its history, as Iris Chang shows in her ably researched The Rape of Nanking, a book that recounts the horrible events in that eastern Chinese city under Japanese occupation in the late 1930s. Nanking, she writes, served as a kind of laboratory in which Japanese soldiers were taught to slaughter unarmed, unresisting civilians, as they would later do throughout Asia. Likening their victims to insects and animals, the Japanese commanders orchestrated a campaign in which several hundred thousand--no one is sure just how many--Chinese soldiers and noncombatants alike were killed. Chang turns up an unlikely hero in German businessman John Rabe, a devoted member of the Nazi party who importuned Adolf Hitler to intervene and stop the slaughter, and who personally saved the lives of countless residents of Nanking. She also suggests that the Japanese government pay reparations and apologize for its army's horrific acts of 60 years ago.
From School Library Journal
The events in this book are horribly off-putting, which, paradoxically, is why they must be remembered. Chang tells of the Sino-Japanese War atrocities perpetrated by the invading Japanese army in Nanking in December 1937, in which roughly 350,000 soldiers and civilians were slaughtered in an eight-week period, many of them having been raped and/or tortured first. Not only are readers given many of the gory details?with pictures?but they are also told of the heroism of some members of a small foreign contingent, particularly of a Nazi businessman who resided in China for 30 years. The story of his bravery lends the ironic touch of someone with evil credentials doing good. Once the author finishes with the atrocities, she proceeds with the equally absorbing and much easier-to-take story of what happened to the Nazi businessman when he returned to Germany and the war ended. This by itself is material for a movie. The author tells why the Japanese government not only allowed the atrocities to occur but also refused, and continues to refuse, to acknowledge that they happened. She is quite evenhanded in reminding readers that every culture has some episode like this in its history; what makes this one important is the number of people killed and tortured, the sadism, and the ongoing Japanese denial of responsibility. Mature readers will look beyond the sensational acts of cruelty to ponder the horror of man's inhumanity to man and the examples of heroism in the midst of savagery.
Judy McAloon, Potomac Library, Prince William County, VA
From Library Journal
Even though the Japanese government still refuses to acknowledge the massacre of at least 250,000 Chinese civilians by invading Japanese troops in 1937, freelance writer Chang (the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times, the Associated Press) has exposed in detail the full, terrible account of what happened to the war-torn capital of Nanking. Chang, whose grandparents survived the brutality, first establishes Japan's social hierarchy by martial competition, then shows how the city of Nanking fell, the six weeks of horror following, and the Nanking safety zone created by Americans and Europeans. The book goes on to depict the city's occupation, the judgment day for Japanese war criminals, the cover-up perpetrated by Japanese textbooks, and Japan's self-imposed censorship. The unseen illustrations will certainly complement the vivid description of one of the most horrible massacres of all. This unique, deeply researched book, with its firsthand account, is an excellent choice for larger public libraries and the East Asia collections of academic libraries.
Steven Lin, American Samoa Community Coll. Lib.
From AudioFile
Few know the details of the Japanese invasion of Nanking during WWII. Once a capital city of China, it became a scene of holocaust, rivaling any of Europe's in brutality and numbers. This is not history for the squeamish. Chang unfolds episodes with painstaking detail. She documents facts, reactions and rebuttals and includes a psycho-sociological analysis of the Japanese character to explain (if not excuse) their excesses. With a dry voice, Fields keeps her narrative from overreaction, using a finely tuned ear for inflection to emphasize the worst horrors. This is a real accomplishment as it would be hard NOT to express indignation. Her intelligent performance makes this a remarkable and compelling experience. S.B.S.
From Kirkus Reviews
Billing itself as the first English-language history devoted to the Japanese Army's 1937 massacre in China's capital, this slight account will by no means be the last word. Repeated references to Schindler's List point to the problem with this overdigested version of the past: It reads like a treatment for a probably inevitable cinema version of the hideous incident. Its economical, blandly shocking anecdotes of crimes against humanity and its cardboard heroes suggest scenes ready-made for screenwritten history. Thus, while rigorous in its moral earnestness, the book is inadequate as a history. After a minimal background chapter on Japanese militarism, Chang, a freelance journalist, describes the Japanese assault on Nanking. The specifics are deeply horrific: Over a period of several months Japanese soldiers killed approximately a quarter of a million Chinese, almost all of them noncombatants, including the elderly, women, and children. But the potential ingredients of a skillfully woven narrative are separated here into lifeless clumps of facts--catalogues of atrocities by kind; tiny summaries of topics of significant contextual interest, like foreign intelligence concerning the massacre; and probably gripping oral recollections flattened into clunky prose (``of the hundreds of people killed that day . . . Tang was the only survivor''). Chang tells only as much as one needs to know to indignantly draw the familiar lessons for humanity--``the frightening ease with which the mind can accept genocide, turning us all into passive spectators to the unthinkable.'' What's needed is to vivify such truths with intense historical reality. Chang fails because he rushes to simplify complex events and to universalize what happened at the expense of a careful, comprehensive appreciation of a world violently destroyed. (photos, not seen) (First serial to Newsweek)
Frederic Wakeman, Director of the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley
Iris Chang's RAPE OF NANKING is an utterly compelling book. The descriptions of the atrocities raise fundamental questions not only about imperial Japanese militarism but the psychology of the torturers, rapists and murderers. Many Japanese have denied that these events ever took place, substituting amnesia for guilt, but Iris Chang's heartbreaking account will make such evasion impossible in the future for all but the most diehard right-wing Japanese extremists.
About Author
Iris Chang, a full time author living in California, heard stories about the Rape of Nanking from her parents, who survived years of war and revolution before finding a serene home as professors in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. A journalism graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana, she worked briefly as a reporter in Chicago before winning a graduate fellowship to the writing seminars program at The Johns Hopkins University. Her first book, Thread of the Silkworm (the story of Tsien-Hsue-shen, father of the People's Republic of China's missile program) received worldwide critical acclaim. She is the recipient of the John T. and Catherine D. MacArthur Foundation's Program on Peace and International Cooperation award, as well as major grants from the National Science Foundation, the Pacific Cultural Foundation, and the Harry Truman Library. She is 30 years old.
Book Dimension :
Height (cm) 19.8 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Width (cm) 12.8

《宽容》一书出版于1925年，当时作为通俗历史学家的房龙在美国已是家喻户晓。他用手中那只有魔力的笔，生动地描绘了在西方文化最显著的脉络——基督教文化的发展中，人类是怎样不断与“不宽容”做着斗争。宽容意味着个性与自由，而发现个性本身就是人类的一种进步。房龙在书中曾感慨地说：“生命本来是一次光荣的冒险，结果却变成了一场可怕的经历。之所以如此，就是因为迄今为止，人类的生存完全被恐惧所笼罩。”正因为《宽容》中满溢着这样一种追求自由的人文情怀，它的中文版在上世纪80年代首度问世时，立即在中国掀起了热潮，极大地满足了整个时代充满激情的阅读品味。在极短的时间内，不同的版本接连而出，创造出难以想象的销售奇迹。2002年初，紫图首次推出《宽容》的全彩插图本，以适合21世纪的阅读方式，面向当代的眼光，赋予这本经典名著以新的面貌和气息。紫图的全彩插图本获得了极大的成功，成为深受读者欢迎的常销书，并被输出到韩国、台湾等国家和地区。5年后，紫图再次推出的这个全彩插图增修本，经过大量的编辑修订和增加插图，使这一版本更隽永、更超值，更适合家庭珍藏和全家共赏。