Measurement and targets have been widely criticised as distorting policy and engendering gaming - yet they continue to be widely used in government. This book offers an original new account explaining the persistent appeal of performance measurement. It argues that targets have been adopted to address a crisis of trust in politics, through creating more robust mechanisms of accountability and monitoring. The book shows that such tools rarely have their intended effect. Through an in-depth analysis of UK targets on immigration and asylum since 2000, it shows that far from shoring up trust, targets have engendered cynicism and distrust in government. Moreover, they have encouraged intrusive forms of monitoring and reform in public administration, with damaging consequences for trust between politicians and civil servants. Despite these problems, performance measurement has now become embedded in techniques of public management. It has also become normalised as a way of framing policy problems and responses. Thus despite their acknowledged problems, targets are likely to retain their allure as techniques of political communication and governance.

This expansive history of the origins of majority rule in modern representative government charts the emergence of majority voting as a global standard for decision-making in popular assemblies. Majority votes had, of course, been held prior to 1642, but not since antiquity had they been held with any frequency by a popular assembly with responsibility for the fate of a nation. The crucial moment in the global triumph of majority rule was its embrace by the elected assemblies of early modern Britain and its empire. William J. Bulman analyzes its sudden appearance in the English House of Commons and its adoption by the elected assemblies of Britain's Atlantic colonies in the age of the English, Glorious, and American Revolutions. These events made it overwhelmingly likely that the United Kingdom, the United States, and their former dependencies would become and remain fundamentally majoritarian polities. Providing an insightful commentary on the state of democratic governance today, this study sheds light on the nature, promise, and perils of majority rule.

Cambridge IELTS 3 provides students with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with IELTS and practise examination techniques using authentic test material. This collection includes practice in the updated Speaking test (June 2001 syllabus), plus extra Reading and Writing modules for General Training candidates. The book includes an introduction to these different modules together with an explanation of the scoring system used by Cambridge ESOL. The comprehensive section of answers and tapescripts means that the material is ideal for students working partly or entirely on their own. A self-study pack (Student's Book with answers and Audio CD) is also available.

Four complete Practice Tests from UCLES plus answer key, audio transcripts and introduction to the exam. Providing the most authentic exam preparation available, these past papers allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. Books are numbered to indicate how many are available. Numbers do not refer to levels.

Cambridge BEC 4 Vantage provides a set of four complete practice tests for the Cambridge BEC Vantage exam. These past examination papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) provide the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. The Student's Book also contains a comprehensive section of keys and transcripts, making it suitable for self study. The Audio CDs contain the audio material for the Listening paper.

Four complete Practice Tests from UCLES plus answer key, audio transcripts and introduction to the exam. Providing the most authentic exam preparation available, these past papers allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. Books are numbered to indicate how many are available. Numbers do not refer to levels.

Cambridge BEC Vantage 2 contains four complete practice tests for the Cambridge BEC Vantage examination from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL). These past examination papers provide the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. This Student's Book also contains a comprehensive section of keys and transcripts, making it suitable for self study. The Self-study Pack contains the Student's Book with answers and the Audio CD.

Childhood personality and behaviour forecast adult life - but many children with severe behaviour problems nevertheless turn into competent and successful adults. Who recovers, and who goes on to become a schizophrenic, a criminal, or an alcoholic? This book presents the findings from major longitudinal studies in psychopathology, extending from childhood into adulthood.

本书由以下内容构成：
● 4套完整的学术类雅思全真试题
● 各种题型的全面介绍以及剑桥大学考试委员会采用的评分系统解析
● 习题答案和听力录音文本
● 可供下载的听力录音材料

This text by one of the originators of the cluster variation method of statistical mechanics is aimed at second- and third-year graduate students studying such topics as the theory of complex analysis, classical mechanics, classical electrodynamics, and quantum mechanics. The central theme is that, given the Hamiltonian for a system, it is possible to calculate the thermodynamics correlation function, either numerically or through the use of infinite series. The book is self-contained, with all required mathematics included either in the text or in Appendixes. The text includes many exercises designed for self-study.

Childhood multilingualism has become a norm rather than an exception. This is the first handbook to survey state-of-the-art research on the uniqueness of early multilingual development in children growing up with more than two languages in contact. It provides in-depth accounts of the complexity and dynamics of early multilingualism by internationally renowned scholars who have researched typologically different languages in different continents. Chapters are divided into six thematic areas, following the trajectory, environment and conditions underlying the incipient and early stages of multilingual children's language development. The many facets of childhood multilingualism are approached from a range of perspectives, showcasing not only the challenges of multilingual education and child-rearing but also the richness in linguistic and cognitive development of these children from infancy to early schooling. It is essential reading for anyone interested in deepening their understanding of the multiple aspects of multilingualism, seen through the unique prism of children.

Tianjian Shi shows how cultural norms affect political attitudes and behavior through two causal pathways, one at the individual level and one at the community level. Focusing on two key norms - definition of self-interest and orientation to authority - he tests the theory with multiple surveys conducted in mainland China and Taiwan. Shi employs multi-level statistical analysis to show how, in these two very different political systems, similar norms exert similar kinds of influence on political trust, understanding of democracy, forms of political participation, and tolerance for protest. The approach helps to explain the resilience of authoritarian politics in China and the dissatisfaction of many Taiwan residents with democratic institutions. Aiming to place the study of political culture on a new theoretical and methodological foundation, Shi argues that a truly comparative social science must understand how culturally embedded norms influence decision making.

In this empirical study, Saskia Sassen offers a fresh understanding of the processes of international migration. Focusing on immigration into the US from 1960 to 1985 and the part played by American economic activities abroad, as well as foreign investment in the US, she examines the various ways in which the internationalization of production contributes to the formation and direction of labor migration.

In this book, the author proposes an interesting approach to the study of one of the most central concepts in social analysis, that of social structure. He provides a critique of the leading models and argues that each is inadequate to the task of explaining the complexity of structures that make up society and the processes by which these structures are formed and are interlinked. A conceptualization of the processes of societal formation is then presented, drawing on developments in the physical, biological and cognitive sciences. This conceptualization allows for the multiplicity of processes of structuration, which the author refers to as logics, some of which function at the individual or 'micro' level, others at the organizational or 'meso' level, and still others at the society-wide, or 'macro' level. The author terms this conceptualization a theory of heterarchy and it is a truly comprehensive theory of societal structuration.

This second edition of Hilbe's Negative Binomial Regression is a substantial enhancement to the popular first edition. The only text devoted entirely to the negative binomial model and its many variations, nearly every model discussed in the literature is addressed. The theoretical and distributional background of each model is discussed, together with examples of their construction, application, interpretation and evaluation. Complete Stata and R codes are provided throughout the text, with additional code (plus SAS), derivations and data provided on the book's website. Written for the practising researcher, the text begins with an examination of risk and rate ratios, and of the estimating algorithms used to model count data. The book then gives an in-depth analysis of Poisson regression and an evaluation of the meaning and nature of overdispersion, followed by a comprehensive analysis of the negative binomial distribution and of its parameterizations into various models for evaluating count data.

The Long Arc of Legality
I am working on a book titled The Long Arc of Legality, which traces a trajectory in modern thought about the role of law in constituting a legitimate political order, from Thomas Hobbes to this day. It seeks to vindicate a claim that will seem part and parcel of Hobbes's general authoritarian political philosophy and deeply repugnant to a liberal democratic sensibility - that law provides us with a "public conscience". For the image of law as our public conscience requires us to take not only our laws to be legislated by our sovereign, but also our moral values. The public or enacted laws of a civil society are the repository of the society's values that the individuals in that society must take to justify state coercion.
I shall argue that Hobbes's account of legality shows why the idea of law as a public conscience should be accepted, as long as we are prepared to adopt a certain kind of pragmatist view of moral inquiry. Our compulsory public morality - the morality that we feel is settled and important enough that it be put into law - is simply a subset of the set of judgments that have survived the tribunal of experience and inquiry.
My claim is that Hobbes's philosophy of law can help to show why that idea is plausible, as it shows us how fundamental principles of legality shape our inquiry. Our confidence in these compulsory moral judgments is in part built upon the principles contained in the institutional make-up of law. I have in mind, first, the principle that requires that individuals have the right to ask an independent official for reasons why the law applies to them in a way that addresses them as responsible agents, and second, the principles that underpin legal mechanisms for changing law in a way that makes the judgments embedded in the law revisable in light of further experience. It is these kinds of principle that make it possible both for those who find themselves relegated by the law to second-class status to ask a judge, "But, how can that be law for me?", and for an internal legal imperative to kick in that requires reform.

Published at a time when the U.S. government's public diplomacy has been in crisis, this book provides an exhaustive account of how it used to be done. The United States Information Agency was created, in 1953, to 'tell America's story to the world' and, by engaging with the world through international information, broadcasting, culture, and exchange programs, became an essential element of American foreign policy during the Cold War. Based on newly declassified archives and more than 100 interviews with veterans of public diplomacy, from the Truman administration to the fall of the Berlin Wall, Nicholas J. Cull relates both the achievements and the endemic flaws of American public diplomacy in this period. Major topics include the process by which the Truman and Eisenhower administrations built a massive overseas propaganda operation; the struggle of the Voice of America to base its output on journalistic truth; the challenge of presenting civil rights, the Vietnam War, and Watergate to the world; and the climactic confrontation with the Soviet Union in the 1980s. This study offers remarkable and new insights into the Cold War era.