梁文道、刘瑜、熊培云、许知远联袂主编——“理想国译丛”（MIRROR）系列之一（005）——保持开放性的思想和非功利的眼睛，看看世界的丰富性与复杂性。本书有刘瑜专文导读“重读福山之二：重新带回国家”。
成功的现代自由民主制，将强大的国家、法治和负责制政府三种机制结合在稳定的平衡中。那么，这三种机构最初来自何方？是什么力量驱使它们诞生？又在何等条件下得到发展？建立的顺序如何？彼此间有何关系？
当代最重要的政治思想家之一弗朗西斯•福山，为我们提供了一幅今日政治机构是如何从历史中发展出来的全面画卷。《政治秩序的起源》（第一卷），把对政治秩序的探讨向前延伸到人类的灵长目祖先，然后依次讲述人类部落社会的出现，第一个现代国家在中国的生长，法治在印度和中东的开始，一直到法国大革命前夕问责制政府在欧洲的发展。《政治秩序的起源》是一次严密的尝试，力图通过多学科的综合研究，形成对人类历史的概览，建立一个理解政治制度演化的宏大框架。
本书第二卷将延伸到当代，敬请期待。

本书是作者对哲学初学者进行授课后形成的讲稿，初版于1978年，此后两次修订再版，本书即是作者生前最后一次修订的版本（1996年第三版）。本书受到世界很多大学哲学系的好评，被列为教材。不同于一般的哲学导论，本书纯讲哲学“技术”：什么是有效的哲学思考和论证；哲学论证的方法都有哪些；面对一个问题时，应该如何分解问题、如何构建论证，如何批判地阅读前人在这一问题上的写作和论证，如何提出自己的原创性观点、形成哲学写作，等等。在讲解各种论证形式和方法时，作者给出了许多具体的例子，对有些例子的操作非常细致深入、一以贯之，很适合希望了解哲学“内功”的读者和哲学专业的初学学生。让读者意识到：知道哲学史上著名哲学家的名字和观点是远远不够的，要在正确的方法下接受思维和写作的训练，参与到哲学工作中，才是做哲学。

19世纪末20世纪初，在现代数学产生初期，一些数学哲学的问题曾经困扰过当时最出色的数学家，如彭加勒、希尔伯特、布劳维尔、赫尔曼·威尔、冯·诺伊曼等。这些学者的思考与讨论为现代哲学奠定了基础。本书将介绍、分析、批评20世纪的几种主要的数学哲学思想。第一章是当代数学哲学的导论，在分析、评述各种数学哲学思想之前，都将简要地介绍那些思想的要点。第二章将介绍自然主义的基本观念及一种彻底的自然主义的数学哲学，是评述二十世纪主要数学哲学思想的哲学基础与出发点。从第三章开始，作者介绍了二十世纪几种主要的数学哲学思想，并从自然主义的角度对它们作出分析、批评。

分为上下两篇，上篇考察了歌德尔的事迹，从献身基本理论的角度来讲述歌德尔的生平；下篇介绍了科学与技术学中的概念、歌德尔与哲学、“分说”等内容。

What is a mathematical proof? How can proofs be justified? Are there limitations to provability? To what extent can machines carry out mathematical proofs?
Only in this century has there been success in obtaining substantial and satisfactory answers. The present book contains a systematic discussion of these results. The investigations are centered around first-order logic. Our first goal is Godels completeness theorem， which shows that the consequence relation coincides with formal provability： By means of a calculus consisting of simple formal inference rules， one can obtain all consequences of a given axiom system (and in particular， imitate all mathematical proofs)

From one of the most significant neuroscientists at work today, a pathbreaking investigation of a question that has confounded philosophers, psychologists, and neuroscientists for centuries: how is consciousness created?
Antonio Damasio has spent the past thirty years studying and writing about how the brain operates, and his work has garnered acclaim for its singular melding of the scientific and the humanistic. In Self Comes to Mind, he goes against the long-standing idea that consciousness is somehow separate from the body, presenting compelling new scientific evidence that consciousness—what we think of as a mind with a self—is to begin with a biological process created by a living organism. Besides the three traditional perspectives used to study the mind (the introspective, the behavioral, and the neurological), Damasio introduces an evolutionary perspective that entails a radical change in the way the history of conscious minds is viewed and told. He also advances a radical hypothesis regarding the origins and varieties of feelings, which is central to his framework for the biological construction of consciousness: feelings are grounded in a near fusion of body and brain networks, and first emerge from the historically old and humble brain stem rather than from the modern cerebral cortex.
Damasio suggests that the brain’s development of a human self becomes a challenge to nature’s indifference and opens the way for the appearance of culture, a radical break in the course of evolution and the source of a new level of life regulation—sociocultural homeostasis. He leaves no doubt that the blueprint for the work-in-progress he calls sociocultural homeostasis is the genetically well-established basic homeostasis, the curator of value that has been present in simple life-forms for billions of years. Self Comes to Mind is a groundbreaking journey into the neurobiological foundations of mind and self.

This widely used textbook of modern formal logic now offers a number of new features. Incorporating updated notations, selective answers to exercises, expanded treatment of natural deduction, and new discussions of predicate- functor logic and the affinities between higher set theory and the elementary logic of terms, Quine's new edition will serve admirably both for classroom and for independent use.

With his customary incisiveness, W. V. Quine presents logic as the product of two factors, truth and grammar--but argues against the doctrine that the logical truths are true because of grammar or language. Rather, in presenting a general theory of grammar and discussing the boundaries and possible extensions of logic, Quine argues that logic is not a mere matter of words.

The philosophy of science has lost its self-confidence, witness the lack of advanced textbooks in contrast to the abundance of elementary textbooks. Structures in Science is an advanced textbook that explicates, updates, accommodates, and integrates the best insights of logical-empiricism and its main critics. This 'neo-classical approach' aims at providing heuristic patterns for research. The book introduces four ideal types of research programs (descriptive, explanatory, design, and explicative) and reanimates the distinction between observational laws and proper theories. It explicates various patterns of explanation by subsumption and specification as well as structures in reductive and other types of interlevel research. Its analysis of theory evaluation leads to new characterizations of confirmation, empirical progress, and pseudoscience. Partial analogies between progress in nomological research (i.e. observational, referential, and theoretical truth approximation, presented in detail in From Instrumentalism to Constructive Realism, 2000) and progress in explicative and design research emerge. Finally, special chapters are devoted to design research programs, computational philosophy of science, the structuralist approach to theories, and research ethics.

Kurt Godel (1906 - 1978) was the most outstanding logician of the twentieth century, famous for his hallmark works on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. He is also noted for his work on constructivity, the decision problem, and the foundations of computability theory, as well as for the strong individuality of his writings on the philosophy of mathematics. He is less well known for his discovery of unusual cosmological models for Einstein's equations, in theory permitting time travel into the past. The Collected Works is a landmark resource that draws together a lifetime of creative thought and accomplishment. The first two volumes were devoted to Godel's publications in full (both in original and translation), and the third volume featured a wide selection of unpublished articles and lecture texts found in Godel's Nachlass. These long-awaited final two volumes contain Godel's correspondence of logical, philosophical, and scientific interest. Volume IV covers A to G, with H to Z in volume V; in addition, Volume V contains a full inventory of Godel's Nachlass. L All volumes include introductory notes that provide extensive explanatory and historical commentary on each body of work, English translations of material originally written in German (some transcribed from the Gabelsberger shorthand), and a complete bibliography of all works cited. Kurt Godel: Collected Works is designed to be useful and accessible to as wide an audience as possible without sacrificing scientific or historical accuracy. The only comprehensive edition of Godel's work available, it will be an essential part of the working library of professionals and students in logic, mathematics, philosophy, history of science, and computer science and all others who wish to be acquainted with one of the great minds of the twentieth century.