The Genealogical Science analyzes the scientific work and social implications of the flourishing field of genetic history. A biological discipline that relies on genetic data in order to reconstruct the geographic origins of contemporary populations—their histories of migration and genealogical connections to other present-day groups—this historical science is garnering ever more credibility and social reach, in large part due to a growing industry in ancestry testing.
In this book, Nadia Abu El-Haj examines genetic history’s working assumptions about culture and nature, identity and biology, and the individual and the collective. Through the example of the study of Jewish origins, she explores novel cultural and political practices that are emerging as genetic history’s claims and “facts” circulate in the public domain and illustrates how this historical science is intrinsically entangled with cultural imaginations and political commitments. Chronicling late-nineteenth- to mid-twentieth-century understandings of race, nature, and culture, she identifies continuities and shifts in scientific claims, institutional contexts, and political worlds in order to show how the meanings of biological difference have changed over time. In so doing she gives an account of how and why it is that genetic history is so socially felicitous today and elucidates the range of understandings of the self, individual and collective, this scientific field is making possible. More specifically, through her focus on the history of projects of Jewish self-fashioning that have taken place on the terrain of the biological sciences, The Genealogical Science analyzes genetic history as the latest iteration of a cultural and political practice now over a century old.

The Foundations of Celestial Reckoning gives the reader direct access to the foundational documents of the tradition of calculation created by astronomers of the early Chinese empire between the late second century BCE and the third century CE. The paradigm they established was to shape East Asian thought and practice in the field of mathematical astronomy for centuries to come. It was in many ways radically different from better known traditions of astronomy in other parts of the ancient world.
This book includes full English translations of the first three systems of mathematical astronomy adopted for use by imperial astronomical officials, together with introductory material explaining the origin and nature of each system, and a general introduction to the work as a whole. The translations, which are accompanied by the original Chinese text, give a consistent rendering of all technical terms, and include detailed explanatory notes. The text in which the second of the three systems is found also includes a unique collection of documents compiled around 178 CE by two experts in the field, one of whom was the author of the third system translated in this book. Using material transcribed from government archives of the two preceding centuries, these scholars carefully document and review controversies and large-scale official debates on astronomical matters up to their own time. Nothing equivalent in detail and clarity has survived from any other ancient culture. The availability of the totality of this material in English opens new perspectives to all historians of pre-modern astronomy.

Translating Early Modern Science explores the essential role translators played in a time when the scientific community used Latin and vernacular European languages side-by-side. This interdisciplinary volume illustrates how translators were mediators, agents, and interpreters of scientific knowledge.

Over the past four decades, the volumes published in the landmark History of Cartography series have both chronicled and encouraged scholarship about maps and mapping practices across time and space. As the current director of the project that has produced these volumes, Matthew H. Edney has a unique vantage point for understanding what “cartography” has come to mean and include.
In this book Edney disavows the term cartography, rejecting the notion that maps represent an undifferentiated category of objects for study. Rather than treating maps as a single, unified group, he argues, scholars need to take a processual approach that examines specific types of maps—sea charts versus thematic maps, for example—in the context of the unique circumstances of their production, circulation, and consumption. To illuminate this bold argument, Edney chronicles precisely how the ideal of cartography that has developed in the West since 1800 has gone astray. By exposing the flaws in this ideal, his book challenges everyone who studies maps and mapping practices to reexamine their approach to the topic. The study of cartography will never be the same.

This open access book explores commentaries on an influential text of pre-Copernican astronomy in Europe. It features essays that take a close look at key intellectuals and how they engaged with the main ideas of this qualitative introduction to geocentric cosmology.
Johannes de Sacrobosco compiled his Tractatus de sphaera during the thirteenth century in the frame of his teaching activities at the then recently founded University of Paris. It soon became a mandatory text all over Europe. As a result, a tradition of commentaries to the text was soon established and flourished until the second half of the 17th century. Here, readers will find an informative overview of these commentaries complete with a rich context. The essays explore the educational and social backgrounds of the writers. They also detail how their careers developed after the publication of their commentaries, the institutions and patrons they were affiliated with, what their agenda was, and whether and how they actually accomplished it.
The editor of this collection considers these scientific commentaries as genuine scientific works. The contributors investigate them here not only in reference to the work on which it comments but also, and especially, as independent scientific contributions that are socially, institutionally, and intellectually contextualized around their authors.

Newton's unusual - or even downright heretical - religious opinions were well known to a number of his contemporaries. For over two centuries the exact nature of his religious beliefs was a matter of intense debate, but by the middle of the nineteenth century it was public knowledge that he had held highly unorthodox conceptions of the Trinity. Until the early 1970s, very few of Newton's private theological researches had been made publicly available, and scholars did not determine his views with any precision. However, in the last few years millions of words from his previously unpublished religious writings have become publicly available, making it possible to offer a considered account of their content, and to assess what they tell us about the man.
In Priest of Nature, Newton scholar Rob Iliffe does just that. Tracing Newton's life from his birth though his years as a Cambridge don, his tenure as Warden and Master of the Mint, and his twenty-four years as President of the Royal Society, up to his death in 1727, Iliffe examines how Newton managed the complex boundaries between private and public professions of belief. While previous scholars and biographers have attempted to find coherence in his intellectual pursuits, Iliffe shows how wide-ranging and catholic Newton's views and interests in fact were, and in that takes issue with those who have attempted to underestimate their range and complexity.
Arguing that there is no simplistic coherence between Newton's philosophical and religious views, Priest of Nature delves into the religious writings Newton produced during his life, from his account of the sexually depraved lives of the early monks to his views about the creation of the world and the Apocalypse, and his commitment to a simple (anti-Trinitarian) doctrine that he believed had been corrupted in the first centuries of Christianity. Iliffe argues that religious commitments lay at the heart of Newton's earliest scientific research, and shows how his analysis of the techniques he used to prosecute corrupters of Christian doctrine were identical to those he used when dealing with his scientific enemies. Ultimately, Priest of Nature asserts, Newton's ambitious engagement with a tradition central to Western thought displays the same creative energy visible in his mathematical and scientific work, and despite his reluctance to follow any specific sect, he should be seen as a devout layman who made independence of thought a core virtue.
Offering novel insights into the spiritual life of Newton, Priest of Nature is both a scholarly work and a vibrant biography of one of the most influential scientists in history.

The scientists affiliated with the early Royal Society of London have long been regarded as forerunners of modern empiricism, rejecting the symbolic and moral goals of Renaissance natural history in favor of plainly representing the world as it really was. In Aesthetic Science, Alexander Wragge-Morley challenges this interpretation by arguing that key figures such as John Ray, Robert Boyle, Nehemiah Grew, Robert Hooke, and Thomas Willis saw the study of nature as an aesthetic project. To show how early modern naturalists conceived of the interplay between sensory experience and the production of knowledge, Aesthetic Science explores natural-historical and anatomical works of the Royal Society through the lens of the aesthetic. By underscoring the importance of subjective experience to the communication of knowledge about nature, Wragge-Morley offers a groundbreaking reconsideration of scientific representation in the early modern period and brings to light the hitherto overlooked role of aesthetic experience in the history of the empirical sciences.

Know Your Remedies presents a panoramic inquiry into China’s early modern cultural transformation through the lens of pharmacy. In the history of science and civilization in China, pharmacy—as a commercial enterprise and as a branch of classical medicine—resists easy characterization. While China’s long tradition of documenting the natural world through state-commissioned pharmacopeias, known as bencao, dwindled after the sixteenth century, the ubiquitous presence of Chinese pharmacy shops around the world today testifies to the vitality of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Rejecting narratives of intellectual stagnation or an unchanging folk culture, He Bian argues that pharmacy’s history in early modern China can best be understood as a dynamic interplay between elite and popular culture.
Beginning with decentralizing trends in book culture and fiscal policy in the sixteenth century, Bian reveals pharmacy’s central role in late Ming public discourse. Fueled by factional politics in the early 1600s, amateur investigation into pharmacology reached peak popularity among the literati on the eve of the Qing conquest in the mid-seventeenth century. The eighteenth century witnessed a systematic reclassification of knowledge, as the Qing court turned away from pharmacopeia in favor of a demedicalized natural history. Throughout this time, growth in long-distance trade enabled the rise of urban pharmacy shops, generating new knowledge about the natural world.

本书系《决策科学化译丛（第二辑）》之一，针对当代社会流行的两种相对立的观念即科学主义和反科学主义，从作者所持有的温和实在论出发，既捍卫了科学的客观性，同时也揭示了科学的建构特征。在此基础上，作者论证，在决定开展何种科研项目时，除了科学本身的认知价值之外，不可避免地会渗透进社会价值，因而这样的决定必须在民主框架下才能保证合法性。作者进一步提出了科研项目民主决策的模型——良序科学，并结合分子生物学的实践，讨论了该模型的应用。本书适合理工科学生、科技工作者、科技政策决策者和研究者、科学哲学和STS领域的研究者等阅读。

日本独自の暦を初めて作った渋川春海をはじめ、海外の知と格闘し、暦や宇宙の研究に尽力した「江戸の天文学者」達の思索をたどる。
「日本の天文学」の大転換は、江戸時代に起こった。日本独自の暦を初めて作った渋川春海、西洋天文学の導入を目指した徳川吉宗と麻田剛立、全国の測量で名を馳せた伊能忠敬、地動説に取り組んだ理論家の高橋至時、「機械おたく」の商人の間重富、シーボルト事件で獄死した悲運の秀才高橋景保…。先行するヨーロッパや中国の知識と格闘し、暦と宇宙の研究に情熱を燃やした江戸時代の天文学者たちの人生と思索をたどると、日本の宇宙観の変遷が見えてくる！

Japanese colonial rule in Korea (1905–1945) ushered in natural resource management programs that profoundly altered access to and ownership of the peninsula's extensive mountains and forests. Under the banner of "forest love," the colonial government set out to restructure the rhythms and routines of agrarian life, targeting everything from home heating to food preparation. Timber industrialists, meanwhile, channeled Korea's forest resources into supply chains that grew in tandem with Japan's imperial sphere. These mechanisms of resource control were only fortified after 1937, when the peninsula and its forests were mobilized for total war.
In this wide-ranging study David Fedman explores Japanese imperialism through the lens of forest conservation in colonial Korea―a project of environmental rule that outlived the empire itself. Holding up for scrutiny the notion of conservation, Seeds of Control examines the roots of Japanese ideas about the Korean landscape, as well as the consequences and aftermath of Japanese approaches to Korea's "greenification." Drawing from sources in Japanese and Korean, Fedman writes colonized lands into Japanese environmental history, revealing a largely untold story of green imperialism in Asia.

We live in times of increasing public distrust of the main institutions of modern society. Experts, including scientists, are suspected of working to hidden agendas or serving vested interests. The solution is usually seen as more public scrutiny and more control by democratic institutions experts must be subservient to social and political life. In this book, Harry Collins and Robert Evans take a radically different view. They argue that, rather than democracies needing to be protected from science, democratic societies need to learn how to value science in this new age of uncertainty. By emphasizing that science is a moral enterprise, guided by values that should matter to all, they show how science can support democracy without destroying it and propose a new institution The Owls that can mediate between science and society and improve technological decision-making for the benefit of all.

本書與《科技渴望社會》為台灣第一套 STS讀本。 台灣 STS 研究者群策群力， 透過 精選、譯介西方 STS 文獻的菁華，引領台灣讀者進入 科技與社會這個活力十足的新興研究領域。 每篇選文都附有台灣 STS 學者所撰寫的導讀，提綱挈領，同時也點出在台灣閱讀這些 STS 經典譯文的意義。
STS經典譯叢作者群
Londa Schiebinger,Michel Foucault,Ruth Schwartz Cowan,David Edgerton, Sandra Harding,Emily Martin , Steven Epstein,Thomas P. Hughes, Bruno Latour, Langdon Winner ,N. J. Jewson ,David Arnold,Karin Garrety
台灣科技與社會網絡計畫群
吳嘉苓、成令方、傅大為、雷祥麟、吳泉源、陳恆安、李尚仁、王秀雲、蔡麗玲、林崇熙、劉士永、林宜平、林宗德、楊佳羚、周任芸、傅憲豪、方俊育、曾凡慈、蔣竹山、余曉嵐、周雅淳、顧彩璇、程雅欣為什麼哺乳動物最多只有其中一半有能力哺乳，卻要命名為 「哺乳類」，起碼也可以叫「吸奶類」啊？家用科技越來越普遍，家庭主婦居然越來越像忙不完的老媽子，科技難道不一定減輕家務勞動的負擔？精子穿透卵子，是很客觀的科學描述吧，怎會有研究把這種科學描述說成是租書店那種一本十元的羅曼史？這些女性主義 STS 研究，揭露了性別如何作為科技社會的組織原則，探索了科技如何成為性別關係的生成來源， 翻轉我們對於世界的理解。 科技與性別怎麼相互形塑，渴望性別的科技社會為什麼會更友善與民主，本書提供了一些線索。

The surprising history of the scientific method—from an evolutionary account of thinking to a simple set of steps—and the rise of psychology in the nineteenth century.
The idea of a single scientific method, shared across specialties and teachable to ten-year-olds, is just over a hundred years old. For centuries prior, science had meant a kind of knowledge, made from facts gathered through direct observation or deduced from first principles. But during the nineteenth century, science came to mean something else: a way of thinking.
The Scientific Method tells the story of how this approach took hold in laboratories, the field, and eventually classrooms, where science was once taught as a natural process. Henry M. Cowles reveals the intertwined histories of evolution and experiment, from Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to John Dewey’s vision for science education. Darwin portrayed nature as akin to a man of science, experimenting through evolution, while his followers turned his theory onto the mind itself. Psychologists reimagined the scientific method as a problem-solving adaptation, a basic feature of cognition that had helped humans prosper. This was how Dewey and other educators taught science at the turn of the twentieth century—but their organic account was not to last. Soon, the scientific method was reimagined as a means of controlling nature, not a product of it. By shedding its roots in evolutionary theory, the scientific method came to seem far less natural, but far more powerful.
This book reveals the origin of a fundamental modern concept. Once seen as a natural adaptation, the method soon became a symbol of science’s power over nature, a power that, until recently, has rarely been called into question.

This volume aims to furnish a broader framework for analyzing the scientific and institutional context that gave rise to scientific academies in Europe-including the Accademia del Cimento in Florence; the Royal Society in London; the Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris; and the Academia naturae curiosorum in Schweinfurt. The essays detail the multiple backgrounds that prompted seventeenth-century savants-from Italy to England, and from Poland to Portugal-to establish new forms of scientific organizations, in which to institutionalize collaborative research as well as modes of communication with like-minded individuals and associations.

In this foundational study, Friedrich Steinle compares the influential work of Ampère and Faraday to reveal the prominent role of exploratory experimentation in the development of science. Focusing on Ampère’s and Faraday’s research practices, reconstructed from previously unknown archival materials, this book considers both the historic and epistemological basis of exploratory experimentation—and its importance to scientific development.

Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences—and show how the concept differs from its alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images.
From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences—from anatomy to crystallography—are those featured in scientific atlases, the compendia that teach practitioners what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology.
As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity—or truth-to-nature or trained judgment—is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to anyone interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity—and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.

科学家如何工作？他们如何“发现”科学事实？为试图回答这些问题，法国著名科学社会学家布鲁诺·拉图尔以及英国社会学家史蒂夫·伍尔加深入到美国的一个神经内分泌学实验室并与那里的教授共度两年时光，对科学家进行观察，看他们如何选择课题和申请基金，如何从事研究和发表论文，如何评级评奖等等。作者以自然主义的方式研究科学，特别探讨了科学的社会制约因素，触及人性、社会、理性和知识这些更大的问题，从一个全新的视角对科学事实的建构做了独到的诠释。本书是科学社会学也是国外社会学研究的前沿领域SSK的经典之作。
以色列著名哲学家约瑟夫·阿伽西曾说：“科学是现代文化的一个内在组成部分。在某些意义上孤立地看待科学也情有可原，但是没有注意到孤立的图景可能歪曲图景本身，这将导致混乱。而被扭曲的图景会产生误导作用。” 的确，在科学研究日益精细化的今天，孤立、片面地看待科学以及与之相关的问题早已经与这时代格格不入了。因此，法国著名科学哲学家布鲁诺·拉图尔提出：“我们调查研究的目的是开辟一条不同的途径：走近科学，绕过科学家们的说法去熟悉事实的产生，然后，返回自己的家，用一种不属于分析语言的元语言来分析研究者所做的事。总之，重要的是去做所有人类文化学志学者们所做的事，并把人文科学通常的义务论用于科学:使自己熟悉一个领域，并保持独立和距离。”在库恩之后，科学论的视角发生了转换：“我们都关心获得知识的动态过程，更甚关心科学成品的逻辑结构 ”，“要分析科学知识的发展就必须考虑科学的实际活动方式 ”。当然，在这一被欧洲科学社会学注重的科学“实质性理论 ”(即科学知识过程)的形成过程中，巴黎学派的拉图尔功不可没。原因是：一方面，他把对科学知识的研究从“社会建构 ”转向了“科学实践 ”，提出了“实验室生活”、“科学事实观”、“黑箱论”、“行动者网络”等一系列科学事实;另一方面，他在科学实践中充分借用了人类学学科独有的“整体观 ”、“参与式观察 ”、“对他者的研究”、“文化相对论”等一系列研究原则和方法，使这些科学事实变得更具“真实性”和“可靠性”，在欧洲科学哲学研究中掀起了一股“实验室研究风潮”。