Ludwig von Mises was the leading exponent of the Austrian School of economics throughout most of the twentieth century. He has long been regarded as a most knowledgeable and respected economist, even though his teachings were generally outside the 'mainstream'. "Theory and History" is primarily a critique of Karl Marx, his materialism, and his prediction of the inevitability of socialism. Marx attributes the creation of tools and machines, as well as the economic structure of society, to undefined 'material productive forces'; Mises rejects this materialistic view; he points out that tools and machines are actually created by individuals acting on the basis of non-materialistic ideas.This book discusses the theory of economics, i.e., the study of purposive human action, and with history, the record of the past actions of individuals. All actions are determined by ideas. Thoughts and ideas are 'real things', Mises writes. "Although intangible and immaterial, they are factors in bringing about changes in the realm, of tangible and material things." Rather than rejecting the study of historical change as a 'useless pastime', Mises considers it of the utmost practical importance." History looks backward into the past, but the lesson it teaches concerns things to come." History opens the mind to an understanding of human nature, increases wisdom, and distinguishes civilized man from the barbarian. Moreover, historical knowledge is of the utmost importance in helping to anticipate and plan for the future.Though "Theory and History" may not be studied as often as other, more popular Mises works, it provides great insight into Mises' fundamental thoughts and is a fascinating exploration of human action.

This book reformulates the sociologicalsubdiscipline known as the sociology of knowledge.Knowledge is presented as more than ideology, including aswell false consciousness, propaganda, science andart.

The traditional association between time and creation is at the heart of science, cosmology, and religion. When scientists began to explore the implications of Einstein's time for the universe as a whole, they discovered that time is elastic, and can be warped by rapid motion or gravitation, that time cannot be meaningfully divided into past, present, and future, nor does time flow in the popular sense. And they made one of the most important discoveries in the history of human thought: that time, and hence all of physical reality, must have had a definite origin in the past. There can be both a beginning and an end to time. But important though Einstein's theory of time turned out to be, it still did not solve "the riddle of time, " and the search for a deeper understanding of time and its relationship with the rest of the physical universe remains at the top of the scientific agenda. From black holes, where time stands still, to the bizarre world of quantum physics, where time vanishes completely, Professor Davies finds evidence that our current theories of time simply don't add up. Why, for instance, does the universe appear younger than some of the objects within it? And how does the concept of time emerge from the timeless chaos of the big bang? Is the passage of time merely an illusion? Can time run backwards? Is time travel possible?

This book offers an in-depth look at today's most pressing business issues through the eyes of Peter Drucker - the father of modern management. "Channeling Peter Drucker to tackle some of this century's most difficult topics, "What Would Drucker Do Now?" is a veritable treasure trove of fascinating reading. Drucker's insights were nothing short of remarkable, and Rick Wartzman pays high tribute to that fact while adding a few of his own". (Marshall Goldsmith, author of the New York Times bestsellers "Mojo" and "What Got You Here Won't Get You There"). "Rick Wartzman has accomplished what I didn't think was possible: a tapestry of ideas drawn from Wartzman's observations and personal experiences, woven together with the wisdom of the most important management thinker of this or any other age". (Warren Bennis, Distinguished Professor of Management, the University of Southern California, and author of the recently published "Still Surprised: A Memoir of a Life in Leadership"). "Peter Drucker's thinking has had an enduring impact on consumer-driven companies like Macy's...["What Would Drucker Do Now?"] serves as a compendium of the very best ideas that can help all of our companies win in a highly competitive marketplace for products, services, and customer experiences". (Terry Lundgren, Chairman, President, and CEO, Macy's Inc). "This collection of essays ...will broaden you as a manager, a leader, and as a human being...Rick Wartzman has done the world a great service by collecting the most incisive observations of a beautiful mind and linking them to problems that face leaders and organizations everywhere". (Brian Walker, President and CEO, Herman Miller, Inc). "If Peter Drucker is the master, Rick Wartzman is the prized pupil. Drucker would be delighted to see his theories applied in such a cogent, thoughtful fashion". (Jim Weddle, Managing Partner, Edward Jones, and consulting client of Peter Drucker). About the Book: As technology, globalization, and business innovation advance at breakneck speed, the question "What would Drucker do now?" becomes more relevant by the day. More than anyone of his time, Peter Drucker understood how the individual, the organization, and society are interrelated. And no one better recognized and articulated the challenges facing all three - or came up with more practical solutions to those challenges. Since 2007, the Drucker Institute's executive director, Rick Wartzman, has been asking what Drucker would do on a regular basis - in his popular online column for "Bloomberg Businessweek". In each piece, Wartzman introduces a current issue and provides a view of it through the eyes of Peter Drucker, based on his deep knowledge of Drucker's ideas and ideals. "What Would Drucker Do Now?" culls Wartzman's best, most timely columns into a single volume, offering a perspective on business and society you won't find anywhere else. Featuring more than 80 articles, the book is organized into seven thematic sections: Management as a Discipline; The Practice of Management; Management Challenges for the Twenty-First Century On Wall Street and Finance On Values and Responsibility; The Public and Social Sectors; Art; Music; and, Sports. Covering everything from the federal bailout of GM and the scandal at Goldman Sachs to the roles religion and race relations play in a well-functioning society, "What Would Drucker Do Now?" explores a range of subjects as broad as Drucker's remarkable mind. Wartzman provides a smart, original, and provocative look at a world being buffeted by change and in which all organizations - private, public, and nonprofit - are searching for answers. What would Drucker do now, indeed?

1894年，犹太裔法国陆军上尉德雷福斯（Alfred Dreyfus)被指控出卖法国陆军情报给德国，军事法庭裁定其叛国罪名成立，判以终身苦役并流放外岛。事后虽经证实纯属诬告，军事法庭却因德雷福斯的犹太人身份而拒绝改判，引起左拉等知识分子和群众的抗议，并演变成为一场具有深远历史意义的运动。这就是法国近代史上轰动一时的“德雷福斯事件”。书中大量饮用当时的文件、档案、书信与报纸，让读者重回历史现场，近距离感受19世纪末法国的社会思潮。

Since the publication of Ericsson and Simon's ground-breaking work in the early 1980s, verbal data has been used increasingly to study cognitive processes in many areas of psychology, and concurrent and retrospective verbal reports are now generally accepted as important sources of data on subjects' cognitive processes in specific tasks. In this revised edition of the book that first put protocol analysis on firm theoretical ground, the authors review major advances in verbal reports over the past decade, including new evidence on how giving verbal reports affects subjects' cognitive processes, and on the validity and completeness of such reports.In a substantial new preface Ericsson and Simon summarize the central issues covered in the book and provide an updated version of their information-processing model, which explains verbalization and verbal reports. They describe new studies on the effects of verbalization, interpreting the results of these studies and showing how their theory can be extended to account for them. Next, they address the issue of completeness of verbally reported information, reviewing the new evidence in three particularly active task domains. They conclude by citing recent contributions to the techniques for encoding protocols, raising general issues, and proposing directions for future research.All references and indexes have been updated.K. Anders Ericsson holds the Dr. Edward Conradi Eminent Scholar Chair of Psychology at Florida State University. Herbert Simon is Professor of Psychology at Carnegie-Mellon University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics in 1978.

First published in 1958, John von Neumann's classic work "The Computer and the Brain" explored the analogies between computing machines and the living human brain. Von Neumann showed that the brain operates both digitally and analogically, but also has its own unique statistical language. And more than fifty years after its inception the "von Neumann architecture" - an organizational framework for computer design - still lies at the heart of today's machines. In his foreword to this new edition, Ray Kurzweil, a futurist famous for his own musings on the relationship between technology and consciousness, places von Neumann's work in a historical context and shows how it remains relevant today.

《战时笔记》(1914-1917年)是奥地利哲学家维特根斯坦写于1914-1917年的战时笔记。记录了作者当时的生活和心理状态，同时也记录了作者对哲学问题所作的思考。《战时笔记》(1914-1917年)是了解维特根斯坦前期思想的重点文献。

Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative - and hence unanalyzable - whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled.
Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws. The programs - BACON, DALTON, GLAUBER, and STAHL - are all largely data-driven, that is, when presented with series of chemical or physical measurements they search for uniformities and linking elements, generating and checking hypotheses and creating new concepts as they go along.
Scientific Discovery examines the nature of scientific research and reviews the arguments for and against a normative theory of discovery; describes the evolution of the BACON programs, which discover quantitative empirical laws and invent new concepts; presents programs that discover laws in qualitative and quantitative data; and ties the results together, suggesting how a combined and extended program might find research problems, invent new instruments, and invent appropriate problem representations. Numerous prominent historical examples of discoveries from physics and chemistry are used as tests for the programs and anchor the discussion concretely in the history of science.
Pat Langley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine. Herbert Simon is a Professor in the Departments of Psychology, Computer Science, and Philosophy at Carnegie-Mellon University. Gary L. Bradshaw is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and Institute of Cognitive Science at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Jan M. Zytkow is an Associate Professor in the Computer Science Department at Wichita State University.