《双语社团语码转换研究:以常州话.普通话语码转换为例》以言语顺应论和标记模式为理论框架，以现实生活中真实的口语语料为基础，综合运用录音、问卷调查、实验等三角测量手段，将定量和定性研究结合起来，从社会语言学角度系统分析了常州话一普通话语码转换的结构、方向、年龄、话轮保持、词汇类别和社会心理动机等方面的模式和特点，有助于我们更好地认识和理解稳定的双语社团语码转换的规律，为其他稳定的双语社团语码转换研究提供一个可行的研究模式，填补了我国语码转换研究领域实证定量研究的空白。

Copulas (in English, the verb to be) are conventionally defined functionally as a means of relating elements of clause structure, especially subject and complement, and considered to be semantically empty or meaningless.They have received relatively little attention from linguists. Dr Pustet in this extensive cross-linguistic study goes some way towards correcting this neglect. In doing so she takes issue with both accepted definition and description. She presents an analysis of grammatical descriptions of over 160 languages drawn from the language families of the world. She shows that some languages have a single copula, others several, and some none at all. In a series of statistical analyses she seeks to explain why by linking the distribution of copulas to variations in lexical categorization and syntactic structure. She concludes by advancing a comprehensive theory of copularization which she relates to language classification and to theories of language change, notably grammaticalization.

The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects including most of the major languages of Europe as well as many in West, Central and Southern Asia. Indo-European is the largest family of languages in the world today, with its languages being spoken by approximately three billion native speakers. This comprehensive reference explores the way in which different cultures use language, as well as the major features of phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon of the Indo-European languages family.

This book explains how the human brain evolved to make language possible and how cultural evolution took over from biological evolution during the transition from basic forms of communication to fully fledged languages. Basing his argument on the latest research in neuroscience, linguistics, and primatology, Michael Arbib presents an up-to-the-minute version of a theory that offers insights into the evolutionary importance of the brain's mirror neurons that enable monkeys, chimps, and humans to recognize the actions of others. Only in humans have these evolved to allow the "complex imitation" which supports the breakthrough to language. This theory, he shows, lights the path from the simple manual gesture we share with apes, to the imitation of manual skills and pantomime, and to the development of sign language and speech. It also explains why we can learn sign languages as easily as we can learn to speak. The author looks at how the brain mechanisms that made the original emergence of fully-fledged languages possible are still active in the ways that children acquire language today and sign languages continue to emerge. He also shows their crucial role in the processes by which languages change on time scales from decades to centuries. This book explains how the brain evolved to make language Michael Arbib provides nonspecialist readers with all the necessary background in primatology, neuroscience, and linguistics. His compelling account of this fascinating subject is fully accessible to a general audience.

This handbook provides a comprehensive account of current research on case and the morphological and syntactic phenomena associated with it. The semantic roles and grammatical relations indicated by case are fundamental to the whole system of language and have long been a central concern of descriptive and theoretical linguistics. The book opens with the editors' synoptic overview of the main lines of research in the field, which sets out the main issues, challenges, and debates. Some sixty scholars from all over the world then report on the state of play in theoretical, typological, diachronic, and psycholinguistic research. They assess cross-linguistic work on case and case-systems and evaluate a variety of theoretical approaches. They examine current issues and debates from historical, areal, socio-linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives. The final part of the book consists of a set of overviews of case systems representative of some of the world's major language families. The book is fully cross-referenced, referenced, and indexed.It will be of central interest to all scholars and advanced students of syntax and morphology as well as to those working in associated subjects in semantics, typology, and psycholinguistics.

The appearance of Uriel Weinreich's Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems (1953) marked a milestone in the study of multilingualism and language contact. Yet until now, few linguists have been aware that its main themes were first laid out in Weinreich's Columbia University doctoral dissertation of 1951, Research Problems in Bilingualism with Special Reference to Switzerland. Based on the author's fieldwork, it contains a detailed report on language contact in Switzerland in the first half of the 20th century, especially along the French-German linguistic border and between German and Romansh in the canton of Grisons (Graubünden). The present edition reproduces Weinreich's original text in full, with only minor alterations and corrections, as well as the author's fieldwork photographs and many of his hand-drawn diagrams. A new foreword reviews Weinreich's life and legacy, as well as developments in contact linguistics and the Swiss linguistic situation over the past 60 years. With selected comments on noteworthy points and references to more recent literature, this volume will be of interest not only to those working on the languages of Switzerland, or specialists in language contact, but all scholars today whose work builds on the broad and lasting foundations laid over half a century ago by Uriel Weinreich.

全书运用定性、定量分析方法，对西汉动词进行全面系统的分类、统计，特别是将现代语言学理论引入西汉动词研究，例如转换生成语法、格语法、关系语法、层次语法、系统功能语法、配价语法、构式语法等，以说明相关语法现象，进而探讨汉语史中谓语动词的使用和演变规律。这对于古代汉语语法研究领域中传统研究方法和新的研究方法的实践操作，传统文化的整理、传承与发展，具有推进作用。

罗语的使用习惯和包括正字法在内的语言规范随 着时代的发展不断变化。为满足教学需要，我们编写 了这部《现代罗马尼亚语语法》。董希骁著的《现代 罗马尼亚语语法(北京外国语大学新编欧洲非通用语 种系理教材)》以罗语专业本科生为主要对象，在注 重基本理论**性的同时，兼顾实用性，以及与现有 教材体系的兼容互补性。
编者针对中国学生的特点设计全书的结构和难点 分布，并对例句进行了较大规模的*新，使其*具实 用性和时代性。由于语法内容较为繁杂，全书共分为 词法和句法两部分，分别采用多级符号编写章节号。
每一部分各有10章，按具体章节的繁简程度，*多细 化至6级标题。例句中出现的下划线、波浪线、虚线 等符号，其作用均在脚注中加以说明。

This book presents the state of the art in research on grammaticalization, the process by which lexical items acquire grammatical function, grammatical items get additional functions, and grammars are created. Leading scholars from around the world introduce and discuss the core theoretical and methodological bases of grammaticalization, report on work in the field, and point to promising directions for new research. They represent every relevant theoretical perspective and approach. Research on grammaticalization and its role in linguistic change encompasses work on languages from every major linguistic family. Its results offer valuable insights for all theoretical frameworks, including generative, construction, and cognitive grammar, and relates to work in fields such as phonology, sociolinguistics, and language acquisition. The handbook provides a full, critical assessment of every aspect of this research. It is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of grammaticalization in a range of languages. It will be an indispensable source of information and inspiration for all those who wish to know more about this fascinating and important field.

From its beginnings in the 1960s, sociolinguistics developed several different subfields with distinct methods and interests: the variationist tradition established by Labov, the anthropological tradition of Hymes, interactional sociolinguistics as developed by Gumperz, and the sociology of language represented by the work of Fishman. All of these areas have seen a great deal of growth in recent decades, and recent studies have led to a more broadly inclusive view of sociolinguistics. Hence there is a need for a handbook that will survey the main areas of the field, point out the lacunae in our existing knowledge base, and provide directions for future research. The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics will differ from existing work in four major respects. First, it will emphasize new methodological developments, particularly the convergence of linguistic anthropology and variationist sociolinguistics. Second, it will include chapters on sociolinguistic developments in areas of the world that have been relatively neglected in the major journals. Third, its chapters are written by contributors who have worked in a range of languages and whose work addresses sociolinguistic issues in bi- and multilingual contexts, i.e. the contexts in which a majority of the world's population lives. Finally, it will include substantial material on the rapidly growing study of sign language sociolinguistics.

《空间指示语的实验语用学研究》是认知语言学和语用学跨学科研究的前沿成果，研究方法遵循了心理语言学的研究范式。作者批判了在空间指示语的语义解释中存在的空间距离观，提出了心理空间建构观，并且建立了一个理论框架来解释空间指示语的使用。
《空间指示语的实验语用学研究》作者徐学平指出，决定指示语选择的真正因素是心理距离；空间指示语所表征的远近之意从根本上说具有体验性和图式性。

《指示语的认知模型解析》主要内容：语言中普遍存在的指示现象是语言学研究的重要课题。传统研究已经对指示现象进行了非常详细的描写，但仍然缺乏系统的理论框架。近几年指示语的认知研究虽然开辟了新的途径，但这些研究大多侧重个别指示现象，或者只强调指示语的经验解释。基于此，本研究建立了一个指示语认知模型，形象地描写指示的认知过程并据此揭示指示现象的本质。，该模型的建立不仅能发展指示理论，同时为人工智能理解指示语提供准备，具有理论意义和实用价值。
通过分析形成指示现象的认知机制，即视角及视角转移、概念隐喻和认识模式，我们将指示语的认知模型定义为一个以说话人为原点，以空间、时间和情态为轴的笛卡儿坐标系，用矢量描写指示语在该系统中的语义结构。该模型涉及人称指示、空间指示、时间指示和情态指示，能够最大限度地涵盖指示现象。模型的结构和使用也以认知机制为基础，其中视角、空间隐喻和认识模式为模型基本结构的建立提供依据，而视角转移使模型以动态的方式解决问题。此外，概念隐喻使该模型的各层面存在关联，也使该模型成为一个有机系统。矢量的体现和运行也有其感知和神经生理基础，视角和远近空间差异决定矢量的方向和大小，而视角转移可以导致矢量的迁移、放大和缩小。这样一个以认知为基础的模型能够形象地模拟指示语在经验世界的产生和应用，清楚地展现指示语在言语交际中的认知“路径”。
指示语的认知模型采用几何空间模拟指示语的概念化过程。本研究以传统研究中的典型指示语和日常用语中的指示语为语料，用矢量空间描写其语义结构。人称代词和指示代词定位于物理空间轴，它们的定位存在某种内在关系。呼语和移情指示则定位于心理空间轴。在时间轴和情态轴上识别事件，已知现实由过去时间和现在时间表达，潜在现实由将来时间和情态动词表达。借助该模型，现在、过去和将来时态的一些异常用法可以得到合理的解释。同时，该模型中协调系统的整体移动为移动动词、历史现在时和条件句等用法提供了充分的说明。

The Handbook of Language Variation and Change , written by a distinguished international roster of contributors, reflects the vitality and growth of the discipline in its multifaceted pursuits. It is a convenient, hand-held repository of the essential knowledge about the study of language variation and change.
Written by internationally recognized experts in the field.
Reflects the vitality and growth of the discipline.
Discusses the ideas that drive the field and is illustrated with empirical studies.
Includes explanatory introductions which set out the boundaries of the field and place each of the chapters into perspective.

The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia is a single-volume encyclopedia covering all major and subsidiary areas of linguistics and applied linguistics. The 79 entries provide in-depth coverage of the topics and sub-topics of the field. Entries are alphabetically arranged and extensively cross-referenced so the reader can see how areas interrelate. Including a substantial introduction which provides a potted history of linguistics and suggestions for further reading, this is an indispensable reference tool for specialists and non-specialists alike. This third edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, with new entries on: attitudes to language conversation analysis English Language Teaching gesture and language idioms language and advertising language and new technologies linguistics in schools optimality theory research methods in linguistics slang. The following entries have been recommissioned or substantially revised: Animals and Language, Artificial Languages, Computational Linguistics to Language Engineering, Contrastive Analysis/Contrastive Linguistics, Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis, Dialectology, Discourse Analysis, Dyslexia, Genre Analysis, Historical Linguistics, Intonation, Language and Education, Language, Gender and Sexuality, Language Origins, Language Surveys, Language Universals, Linguistic Typology, Metaphor, Pragmatics, Rhetoric, Semantics, Semiotics, Sociolinguistics, Stylistics, Systemic-Functional Grammar, Writing Systems.

This book is a collection of articles dealing with various aspects of grammatical relations and argument structure in the languages of Europe and North and Central Asia (LENCA). Topics covered with respect to individual languages are: split-intransitivity (Basque), causativization (Agul), transitives and causatives (Korean and Japanese), aspectual domain and quantification (Finnish and Udmurt), head-marking principles (Athabaskan languages), and pragmatics (Eastern Khanty and Xibe). Typology of argument-structure properties of ‘give’ (LENCA), typology of agreement systems, asymmetry in argument structure, typology of the Amdo Sprachbund, spatial realtors (Northeastern Turkic), core argument patterns (languages of Northern California), and typology of grammatical relations (LENCA) are the topics of articles based on cross-linguistic data. The broad empirical sweep and the fine-tuned theoretical analysis highlight the central role of argument structure and grammatical relations with respect to a plethora of linguistic phenomena.

A dramatic account of the rate of language extinction, and how it endangers the future of biodiversity Few people know that nearly 100 native languages once spoken in what is now California are near extinction, or that most of Australia's 250 aboriginal languages have vanished. In fact, at least half of the world's languages may die out in the next century. What has happened to these voices? Should we be alarmed about the disappearance of linguistic diversity? The authors of Vanishing Voices assert that this trend is far more than simply disturbing. Making explicit the link between language survival and environmental issues, they argue that the extinction of languages is part of the larger picture of near-total collapse of the worldwide ecosystem. Indeed, the authors contend that the struggle to preserve precious environmental resources-such as the rainforest-cannot be separated from the struggle to maintain diverse cultures, and that the causes of language death, like that of ecological destruction, lie at the intersection of ecology and politics. And while Nettle and Romaine defend the world's endangered languages, they also pay homage to the last speakers of dying tongues, such as Red Thundercloud, a Native American in South Carolina, Ned Mandrell, with whom the Manx language passed away in 1974, and Arthur Bennett, an Australian, the last person to know more than a few words of Mbabaram. In our languages lies the accumulated knowledge of humanity. Indeed, each language is a unique window on experience. Vanishing Voices is a call to preserve this resource, before it is too late.