Product Description
Incorporating significant editorial changes from earlier editions, the fourth edition of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is the definitive en face German-English version of the most important work of 20th-century philosophy
•The extensively revised English translation incorporates many hundreds of changes to Anscombes original translation
•Footnoted remarks in the earlier editions have now been relocated in the text
•What was previously referred to as Part 2 is now republished as Philosophy of Psychology A Fragment, and all the remarks in it are numbered for ease of reference
•New detailed editorial endnotes explain decisions of translators and identify references and allusions in Wittgenstein's original text
•Now features new essays on the history of the Philosophical Investigations, and the problems of translating Wittgensteins text

This title now updated: the definitive neuroscience resource-from Eric R. Kandel, MD (winner of the Nobel Prize in 2000); James H. Schwartz, MD, PhD; Thomas M. Jessell, PhD; Steven A. Siegelbaum, PhD; and A. J. Hudspeth, PhD 900 full-color illustrations. Deciphering the link between the human brain and behavior has always been one of the most intriguing - and often challenging-aspects of scientific endeavor. The sequencing of the human genome, and advances in molecular biology, have illuminated the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases and have propelled our knowledge of how the brain controls behavior. To grasp the wider implications of these developments and gain a fundamental understanding of this dynamic, fast-moving field, Principles of Neuroscience stands alone as the most authoritative and indispensible resource of its kind. In this classic text, prominent researchers in the field expertly survey the entire spectrum of neural science, giving an up-to-date, unparalleled view of the discipline for anyone who studies brain and mind. Here, in one remarkable volume, is the current state of neural science knowledge - ranging from molecules and cells, to anatomic structures and systems, to the senses and cognitive functions-all supported by more than 900 precise, full-color illustrations. In addition to clarifying complex topics, the book also benefits from a cohesive organization, beginning with an insightful overview of the interrelationships between the brain, nervous system, genes, and behavior. Principles of Neural Science then proceeds with an in-depth examination of the molecular and cellular biology of nerve cells, synaptic transmission, and the neural basis of cognition. The remaining sections illuminate how cells, molecules, and systems give us sight, hearing, touch, movement, thought, learning, memories, and emotions. The new fifth edition of Principles of Neural Science is thoroughly updated to reflect the tremendous amount of research, and the very latest clinical perspectives, that have significantly transformed the field within the last decade. Ultimately, Principles of Neural Science affirms that all behavior is an expression of neural activity, and that the future of clinical neurology and psychiatry hinges on the progress of neural science. Far exceeding the scope and scholarship of similar texts, this unmatched guide offers a commanding, scientifically rigorous perspective on the molecular mechanisms of neural function and disease-one that you'll continually rely on to advance your comprehension of brain, mind, and behavior. Features: the cornerstone reference in the field of neuroscience that explains how the nerves, brain, and mind function; clear emphasis on how behavior can be examined through the electrical activity of both individual neurons and systems of nerve cells; current focus on molecular biology as a tool for probing the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases, including muscular dystrophy, Huntington disease, and certain forms of Alzheimer's disease; more than 900 engaging full-color illustrations - including line drawings, radiographs, micrographs, and medical photographs clarify often-complex neuroscience concepts; outstanding section on the development and emergence of behavior, including important coverage of brain damage repair, the sexual differentiation of the nervous system, and the aging brain. Features: more detailed discussions of cognitive and behavioral functions, and an expanded review of cognitive processes; a focus on the increasing importance of computational neural science, which enhances our ability to record the brain's electrical activity and study cognitive processes more directly; and chapter-opening. Key concepts: provides a convenient, study-enhancing introduction to the material covered in each chapter; selected readings and full reference citations at the close of each chapter facilitate further study and research; and helpful appendices highlight basic circuit theory; the neurological examination of the patient; circulation of the brain; the blood-brain barrier, choroid plexus, and cerebrospinal fluid; neural networks; and theoretical approaches to neuroscience.

Causality is central to the understanding and use of data. Without an understanding of cause effect relationships, we cannot use data to answer questions as basic as, “Does this treatment harm or help patients?” But though hundreds of introductory texts are available on statistical methods of data analysis, until now, no beginner-level book has been written about the exploding arsenal of methods that can tease causal information from data.
Causal Inference in Statistics fills that gap. Using simple examples and plain language, the book lays out how to define causal parameters; the assumptions necessary to estimate causal parameters in a variety of situations; how to express those assumptions mathematically; whether those assumptions have testable implications; how to predict the effects of interventions; and how to reason counterfactually. These are the foundational tools that any student of statistics needs to acquire in order to use statistical methods to answer causal questions of interest.
This book is accessible to anyone with an interest in interpreting data, from undergraduates, professors, researchers, or to the interested layperson. Examples are drawn from a wide variety of fields, including medicine, public policy, and law; a brief introduction to probability and statistics is provided for the uninitiated; and each chapter comes with study questions to reinforce the readers understanding.

在这本探讨经济、自由以及二者之间关系的经典著作当中，米尔顿·弗里德曼和罗斯·弗里德曼为我们揭示了，正是由于华盛顿当局制定了过多的法律法规、实施了过多的政府管制、建立了过多的行政机构、花费了过多的财政预算，才使我们的自由和财富受到了侵蚀和削弱。一旦政府以中间人的身份插手干预，良好的愿望往往会导致悲惨的结果，对此，两位作者也进行了细致的考察研究。此外，针对这些经济问题，弗里德曼夫妇还提出了积极的建议和意见，告诉我们应当如何扩展自由、增进财富。
不论是探讨美国在以往岁月中的错误和失误，还是指出将来为增进经济繁荣所应采取的政策策略，本书都是一部重要的著作，其分析透彻，论证有力，说服力很强。

How can we benefit from the promise of government while avoiding the threat it poses to individual freedom? In this classic book, Milton Friedman provides the definitive statement of his immensely influential economic philosophy—one in which competitive capitalism serves as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom. The result is an accessible text that has sold well over half a million copies in English, has been translated into eighteen languages, and shows every sign of becoming more and more influential as time goes on.

奥地利学派经济学方法论的代表作。

"Stimulating, provocative, often infuriating, but well worth reading."--Peter Newman, "Economica"
"His critical blast blows like a north wind against the more pretentious erections of modern economics. It is however a healthy and invigorating blast, without malice and with a sincere regard for scientific objectivity."--K.E. Boulding, "Political Science Quarterly"
"Certainly one of the most engrossing volumes that has appeared recently in economic theory."--William J. Baumol, "Review of Economics and Statistics"

本书是卡尔·波普尔的代表作之一，也是一部有较大影响的社会科学名著。全书以清晰的思路和严密的逻辑对所谓的历史决定论——认为历史预测是社会科学的主要目的，并且假定可以通过发现隐藏在历史演变下面的规律来达到这个目的——进行了介绍和批驳。作者的结论是：我们不可能预测历史的未来进程，历史决定论的基本目的是错误的，历史决定论是不能成立的。

在本书1982年版的序言中，我证实了舆论气氛的一次戏剧性的变动；这次变动，被1962年本书第一次出版时所遭受的待遇和我妻子与我在1980年出版的、表示同样哲理的后继著作《自由选择》所遭受的待遇之间的差异明白地显示出来。这次舆论气氛变动的发生部分是由于政府在经济上的作用在凯恩斯主义和最初出现福利国家的思想影响下的急剧扩大。在1956年，当我把我妻子帮我编成此书的讲稿进行讲授时，美国政府的预算开支——联邦的、各州的和地区的——占国民收入的26％。这笔支出的极大部分是用于国防。非国防的支出占国民收入的12％。25年以后，当此书1982年版出版时，总支出已上升到国民收入的 39％，而非国防的支出则增加了一倍以上，达到国民收入的31％。
舆论气氛的变化产生了它的效果。它给英国的玛格丽特·撒切尔和美国的罗纳德·里根的当选铺平了道路。对于人为造成的而又自我扩大的政府在经济上作用的膨胀，他们虽然无法制止，但是却能加以限制。美国政府的总支出的确稍稍下降，从1982年国民收入的39％降到2000年的36％，但是几乎所有的缩减都来自国防支出。非国防支出环绕着一个大致不变的水平波动：如1982年的31％，2000年的30％。
在1989年柏林墙倒塌和1992(应为1991年。——译者)年苏联瓦解时，舆论气氛得到同一方向的进一步的发展。这使得两种可供选择的组织经济的方式在约为70年间的试验中得到一个戏剧性的终结：究竟应该从上到下还是从下到上，即中央集中计划和控制还是私有制的市场，更通俗地说，社会主义还是资本主义。这次试验的结果已经在较小的范围内早已被一系列类似的试验预示出来：中国的香港、台湾对照中国大陆，西德对照东德，韩国对照朝鲜。但是，只有柏林墙的戏剧性的倒塌和苏联的瓦解才使得上述的结果成为一般共识的组成部分。从而，人们现在认为中央集中计划的确是“通往奴役之路”，正如弗里德里克 ·A.哈耶克于1944年出版的同一标题的卓越著作所争辩的那样。
美国和英国的情况也同样出现于其他西方发达国家。一个又一个的国家，都从二战后最初几十年的爆发式的社会主义过渡到爬行式或停滞式的社会主义。在所有这些国家中，当今的压力是趋向于给市场较大的作用，而给政府较小的作用。我的解释是：这种情况反映了实践长期落后于舆论的事实。二战后数十年中的、迅猛的社会化反映了战前舆论趋向于集体主义的变动；而最近过去的几十年的爬行的或停滞的社会主义则反映了战后舆论变化的早期效果；未来的非社会主义化将会反映由于苏联的瓦解而得以加强的舆论变化所造成的成熟效果。
对过去的发展中国家而言，这种舆论变化甚至还有更为巨大的影响。在最大的、剩下来的、公开宣称共产主义的国家——中国，影响也是如此。在 20世纪70年代的后期，由邓小平引进的市场改革，事实上大大地增加了产量并且把更多的市场成分引入了共产党统治的社会。这种有限的经济自由的增长已经改变了中国的面貌，明显地证实了我们对自由市场力量的信心。中国仍然远远不是一个自由社会，但是毫无疑问，中国居民要比在以往更为自由及富有——除了政治以外，在各个方面都更为自由。在政治自由方面甚至有了一些初步的、微小的增长的征兆，具体的表现为日益增多的农村干部的选举。中国还有很长一段路要走，但是它是朝着正确的方向前进。
在紧接着二战后的时期，标准的教条是第三世界的发展需要中央集中计划加上大量外援。正如彼得·鲍尔和其他人如此明确地指出的那样，这个公式不论在何处使用，它都遭受了失败；而东亚四只小老虎——中国香港、新加坡、中国台湾、韩国——所采用的市场导向的政策取得了巨大的成功。这些事实对经济发展产生了一个很不同的经济发展的理论。现在许多拉丁美洲及亚洲的国家，甚至非洲少数几个国家都采用市场导向的途径而让政府起着较小的作用。许多前苏联的卫星国家也采用同一方针。在所有这些事例中，经济自由的增长与政治自由和公民自由的增长已经携手并进，并导致了财富的增加，竞争的资本主义和自由是分不开的。这一切都与本书的主题相一致。
一个最后的个人方面的按语：对一本书的作者而言，在该书第一次出版40年以后能来评价他自己的著作是一件难得的幸事。我非常有幸得到如此做的机会。现在我也非常高兴看到我的这本书能够成功地经受了时间的考验，并且对今天的问题仍然具有如此重大的关系。如果有一个巨大之点需要改动的话，那就是以经济自由、公民自由和政治自由的三分法来替代以经济自由和政治自由的二分法。当我最初写完此书时，回归中国之前的香港使我认识到虽然经济自由是公民和政治自由的一个必要条件，但是政治自由，尽管为人们所企求，却不是经济和公民自由的一个必要的条件。以此而论，我认为：本书的一个重大缺点似乎是对政治自由的作用存在着不恰当的论述。在某种情况下，政治自由会促进经济和公民自由，而在另一些情况下，它却会约束经济和公民自由。
米尔顿·弗里德曼
斯坦福，加利福尼亚
2002年3月11日

'If in this book harsh words are spoken about some of the greatest among the intellectual leaders of mankind, my motive is not, I hope, to belittle them. It springs rather from my conviction that, if our civilization is to survive, we must break with the habit of deference to great men.' - Karl Popper, from the Preface Written in political exile during the Second World War and first published in two volumes in 1945, Karl Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies is one of the most influential books of all time. Hailed by Bertrand Russell as a 'vigorous and profound defence of democracy', its now legendary attack on the philosophies of Plato, Hegel and Marx exposed the dangers inherent in centrally planned political systems and through underground editions become an inspiration to lovers of freedom living under communism in Eastern Europe. Popper's highly accessible style, his erudite and lucid explanations of the thoughts of great philosophers and the recent resurgence of totalitarian regimes around the world are just three of the reasons for the enduring popularity of The Open Society and Its Enemies and why it demands to be read today and in years to come.

On its publication in 1957, The Poverty of Historicism was hailed by Arthur Koestler as 'probably the only book published this year which will outlive the century.'
A devastating criticism of fixed and predictable laws in history, Popper dedicated the book to all those 'who fell victim to the fascist and communist belief in Inexorable Laws of Historical Destiny.' Short and beautifully written, it has inspired generations of readers, intellectuals and policy makers. One of the most important books on the social sciences since the Second World War, it is a searing insight into the ideas of this great thinker.

This new book, under the impressive editorship of Thomas Boylan and Paschal O'Gorman, explores a number of major themes central to the work of Karl Popper. The tensions that have resulted from Popperian thought are well documented. How can mainstream orthodox economics be falsifiable while privileging its core of rationality as unquestionable? This book includes expert contributions from thinkers such as Tony Lawson, K. Vela Velupillai and John McCall, who discuss this issue with renewed academic rigour.

自休谟与洛克以来，客观主义的认识论认为真正的知识必须经得起经验的检验，不得超越经验，如果知识与经验冲突，人们必须随时准备抛弃这种“知识”。依据这种认识论，我们必须尽力排除求知过程之中的个人系数，才能达至完全客观的理想该书认为，这种以主客观分离为基础的认识论不仅是错误的，而且还是有害的。事实上，求知是一种技能，是一种个人怀着责任感与普遍性意图、从启发性前兆不断趋近真实的过程，一旦缺少了个人的求知热情与参与，任何有意义的知识都无法获得。而个人对求知的寄托、科学社群对知识主张的共识，以及社会对自由思维的尊重，都是人类知识增长过程中环环相扣的要素。
严密的理路、详尽的论证，《个人知识》所呈现的，不仅是一个科学家对自己志业的热情与省思，更是一个公民对自由社会的忠贞与执着。