A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400-1668 provides an accessible survey of how the Portuguese became so influential during this period and how Portuguese settlements were founded in areas as far flung as Asia, Africa and South America. Malyn Newitt examines how the ideas and institutions of a late medieval society were deployed to aid expansion into Africa and the Atlantic islands, as well as how, through rivalry with Castile, this grew into a worldwide commercial enterprise. Finally, he considers how resilient the Portuguese overseas communities were, surviving wars and natural disasters, and fending off attacks by the more heavily armed English and Dutch invaders until well into the 1600s. Including a detailed bibliography and glossary, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400-1668 is an invaluable textbook for all those studying this fascinating period of European expansion

Everyone makes decisions, but not everyone is a decision analyst. A decision analyst uses quantitative models and computational methods to formulate decision algorithms, assess decision performance, identify and evaluate options, determine trade-offs and risks, evaluate strategies for investigation, and so on. This book is written for decision analysts. The term 'decision analyst' covers an extremely broad range of practitioners. Virtually all engineers involved in design (of buildings, machines, processes, etc.) or analysis (of safety, reliability, feasibility, etc.) are decision analysts, usually without calling themselves by this name. In addition to engineers, decision analysts work in planning offices for public agencies, in project management consultancies, they are engaged in manufacturing process planning and control, in financial planning and economic analysis, in decision support for medical or technological diagnosis, and so on and on. Decision analysts provide quantitative support for the decision-making process in all areas where systematic decisions are made. This second edition entails changes of several sorts. First, info-gap theory has found application in several new areas - especially biological conservation, economic policy formulation, preparedness against terrorism, and medical decision-making. Pertinent new examples have been included. Second, the combination of info-gap analysis with probabilistic decision algorithms has found wide application. Consequently 'hybrid' models of uncertainty, which were treated exclusively in a separate chapter in the previous edition, now appear throughout the book as well as in a separate chapter. Finally, info-gap explanations of robust-satisficing behavior, and especially the Ellsberg and Allais 'paradoxes', are discussed in a new chapter together with a theorem indicating when robust-satisficing will have greater probability of success than direct optimizing with uncertain models. This title includes: new theory developed systematically; many examples from diverse disciplines; realistic representation of severe uncertainty; multi-faceted approach to risk; and, quantitative model-based decision theory.

Most tasks require a person or an automated system to reason--to reach conclusions based on available information. The framework of probabilistic graphical models, presented in this book, provides a general approach for this task. The approach is model-based, allowing interpretable models to be constructed and then manipulated by reasoning algorithms. These models can also be learned automatically from data, allowing the approach to be used in cases where manually constructing a model is difficult or even impossible. Because uncertainty is an inescapable aspect of most real-world applications, the book focuses on probabilistic models, which make the uncertainty explicit and provide models that are more faithful to reality. Probabilistic Graphical Models discusses a variety of models, spanning Bayesian networks, undirected Markov networks, discrete and continuous models, and extensions to deal with dynamical systems and relational data. For each class of models, the text describes the three fundamental cornerstones: representation, inference, and learning, presenting both basic concepts and advanced techniques. Finally, the book considers the use of the proposed framework for causal reasoning and decision making under uncertainty. The main text in each chapter provides the detailed technical development of the key ideas. Most chapters also include boxes with additional material: skill boxes, which describe techniques; case study boxes, which discuss empirical cases related to the approach described in the text, including applications in computer vision, robotics, natural language understanding, and computational biology; and concept boxes, which present significant concepts drawn from the material in the chapter. Instructors (and readers) can group chapters in various combinations, from core topics to more technically advanced material, to suit their particular needs.

Combining insights from both cognitive neuroscience and molecular biology, two of the world's leading experts address memory from molecules and cells to brain systems and cognition. What is memory and where in the brain is it stored? How is memory storage accomplished? This book touches on these questions and many more, showing how the recent convergence of psychology and biology has resulted in an exciting new synthesis of knowledge about learning and remembering. Memory: From Mind to Molecules is an ideal primer for courses on learning and memory or for general readers who are interested in discovering what is currently known about one of the basic aspects of human existence.

Radical constructivism is a theory of knowing that provides a pragmatic approach to questions about reality, truth, language and human understanding. It introduces a change to many basic ideas, and consequently has a profound influence on the general attitude towards the world we experience. By generating awareness of the thinker's active role in building up concepts, the new orientation liberates the individual from spurious tethers and shows that it is ultimately ourselves who are responsible for what we think and do. To educators, the book suggests that the most important task is not to convey ready-made knowledge but to teach the art of constructing it. In this volume, Glaserfeld offers a theoretical account of radical constructivism. It is an elegantly and thoroughly argued account of this epistemological position, providing a profound analysis of its concepts. The book traces two genealogies of the theory. The first is the constructivist strand in the history of philosophy from the pre-Socratics via Jean Piaget to the present. The second is his own intellectual biography, illustrating how a number of lines of thought became synthesised into radical constructivism. Given its diverse roots, the first full articulation of the theory is likely to have an influence that extends beyond mathematics education.

After two decades of hostile confrontation, China and the United States initiated negotiations in the early 1970s to normalize relations. Senior officials of the Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations had little experience dealing with the Chinese, but they soon learned that their counterparts from the People’s Republic were skilled negotiators.
This study of Chinese negotiating behavior explores the ways senior officials of the PRC―Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and others―managed these high-level political negotiations with their new American “old friends.” It follows the negotiating process step by step, and concludes with guidelines for dealing with Chinese officials.
Originally written for the RAND Corporation, this study was classified because it drew on the official negotiating record. It was subsequently declassified, and RAND published the study in 1995. For this edition, Solomon has added a new introduction, and Chas Freeman has written an interpretive essay describing the ways in which Chinese negotiating behavior has, and has not, changed since the original study. The bibiliography has been updated as well.

Why did he have to fight his battle, not against his enemies, but against those who needed him most, and his hardest battle against the woman he loved? What is the world’s motor — and the motive power of every man? You will know the answer to these questions when you discover the reason behind the baffling events that play havoc with the lives of the characters in this story.
Tremendous in its scope, this novel presents an astounding panorama of human life — from the productive genius who becomes a worthless playboy — to the great steel industrialist who does not know that he is working for his own destruction — to the philosopher who becomes a pirate — to the composer who gives up his career on the night of his triumph — to the woman who runs a transcontinental railroad — to the lowest track worker in her Terminal tunnels.
This is a mystery story, not about the murder — and rebirth — of man’s spirit. It is a philosophical revolution, told in the form of an action thriller of violent events, a ruthlessly brilliant plot structure and an irresistible suspense. Do you say this is impossible? Well,
is the first of your premises to check.

Discover how artificial intelligence can improve how your organization practices law with this compelling resource from the creators of one of the world’s leading legal AI platforms.
AI for Lawyers: How Artificial Intelligence is Adding Value, Amplifying Expertise, and Transforming Careers explains how artificial intelligence can be used to revolutionize your organization’s operations. Noah Waisberg and Dr. Alexander Hudek, a lawyer and a computer science Ph.D. who lead prominent legal AI business Kira Systems, have written an approachable and insightful book that will help you transform how your firm functions.
AI for Lawyers explains how artificial intelligence can help your law firm:
Win more business and find more clients
Better meet and exceed client expectations
Find hidden efficiencies
Better manage and eliminate risk
Increase associate and partner engagement
Whether focusing on small or big law, AI for Lawyers is perfect for any lawyer who either feels uneasy about how AI might change law or is looking to capitalize on the evolving practice. With contributions from experts in the fields of e-Discovery, legal research, expert systems, and litigation analytics, it also belongs on the bookshelf of anyone who’s interested in the intersection of law and technology

From the "guru to Wall Street's gurus" comes the fundamental techniques of value investing and their applications
Bruce Greenwald is one of the leading authorities on value investing. Some of the savviest people on Wall Street have taken his Columbia Business School executive education course on the subject. Now this dynamic and popular teacher, with some colleagues, reveals the fundamental principles of value investing, the one investment technique that has proven itself consistently over time. After covering general techniques of value investing, the book proceeds to illustrate their applications through profiles of Warren Buffett, Michael Price, Mario Gabellio, and other successful value investors. A number of case studies highlight the techniques in practice.

本书论述了资本主义世界经济体系，即现代世界体系的起源与发展的历程。现代世界体系发端于欧洲的部分地区，后来不断发展，逐渐把世界其他一些地区纳入其中，直至覆盖全球。作者认为，21世界中期资本主义世界体系将让位于后继的体系（一个或多个）。我们不能预测他会是一个什么样的体系，但能通过我们目前政治的和道德的活动来影响其结果。本书享誉西方学术界，是西方大学生必读的参考书。它不是一般的世界近现代史著作，而是一部整体地阐述近5个半世纪世界历史进程的综合性宏观论著。

本书以全新的视角阐述了15世纪以来资本主义世界体系自萌芽、产生，到发展、繁荣、衰落的历史过程。16世纪时，随着资本主义生产方式的发展，以西北欧为中心，形成“世界性经济体系”，即“资本主义的世界经济体”，它由中心区、半边缘区和边缘区三个组成部分联结成为一个整体的结构。自该体系形成之后，始终处于变动之中；其内部也经历了剧烈的斗争和不断的自我调节。该体系现已进入“混乱的告终”时期，势必要由一种具有更高生产效率和更合理的“收入分配制度”的新的世界体系取代。作者认为：到2l世纪中叶资本主义世界体系将让位于后继的体系，而我们目前的政治和道德的活动将对其结果有着重大的影响。本书的第一、二、三卷由高等教育出版社独家引进出版，第四卷尚待引进。

在全世界懷著驚恐目睹以巴對峙引爆的各種衝突之際，本書作者馬克•艾里斯以其猶太裔美籍學者的身分，別有識見地深入探討此一猶太認同的危機時刻。他提出以猶太信仰奠基的正義原則，足以觀照當代世界道德生命的希望——猶太人唯有勇於面對軍事化的以色列及美國猶太領導階層視而未見的問題，才能創造出以巴未來的和平願景。

新自由主义是目前西方经济思想的流派之一。这一流派大致出现于第二次世界大战前后，其代表人物为西德的欧根、奥国学派的哈耶克以及本书的作者弗里德曼等人。新自由主义者颂扬自由竞争下的资本主义市场和人格制度，认为它几乎是解决任何经济问题的最好机制。虽然如此，他们并不赞成完全不受束缚的“自由放任”。他们主张，国家应该创造条件使市场和人格制度发挥最大的功能。对于他们所承认的市场和人格制度的不足之处，他们也赞同国家进行干预。但是，他们又认为，一方面应把干预限制在最少的程度；另一方面，最好还要通过市场和人格制度来进行干预，以便取得最好的效果。
在本书中，弗里德曼论述了大致相似的观点。他宣称，他是一个自由主义者，而对于自由主义者而言，把人们组织起来从事生产活动的最好的，是在没有强制手段下的人们之间的自愿合作并且在自愿合作的基础上缔结相互有利的契约。他写道：“通过自愿交换所组成的社会……是一个自由的私有企业交换经济—即我们一向称之为竞争的资本主义。”据说这种制度在促进人类的自由上起着双重作用：一方面，“经济自由本身是一个目的。其次，经济自由也是达到政治自由的一个不可缺少的手段。”
把这一说法作为根据，弗里德曼对西方国家近数十年来对经济生活的日益扩大的干预，特别虽美国对经济生活的干预，提出反对意见。他认为，这种日益扩大的干预不但构成对自由的威胁，而且也缺乏效率，从而不会取得干预所期望得到的成果。因此，他主张，某些被他认为是不必要的干预项目（如发给营业执照）应该取消，而某些被一般人认为是必要的干预项目（如邮政）应改由私人经营。换言之，国家对经济生活的干预不但要被限制在最低的水平，而且还应尽可能地通过市场和人格制度来加以执行。据说这样，不但可以取得最有成效的结果，而且还可以保卫自由竞争的资本主义。从而也就可以保卫他所信奉的自由的原则。

卡尔・波普尔是20世纪最重要的思想家、哲学家。他的思想和作品从1970年代末开始被介绍到我国，到现在，他的一些主要著作都已经有了中译本，有些甚至有几个中译本。这本《二十世纪的教训》是卡尔・波普尔在生命中最后几年发表的两个演讲和接受意大利记者贾恩卡洛・博塞蒂（Giancarlo Bosetti）访谈的记录。和他的其他作品不同，这本书更多地表达了卡尔・波普尔对过去的这个世纪的看法，对这个世界的苦难和希望的关怀。他谈了冷战结束后的世界，谈了波斯尼亚战争，谈了媒体的危险，谈了知识分子的责任……由于是访谈和演讲，加上波普尔一贯的清晰风格，这本书在阅读上也非常容易。

《德意志意识形态(节选本)》主要收入了《德意志意识形态》第一卷第一章：《费尔巴哈》。该章系统阐述了唯物主义历史观，并论述了科学社会主义的一些基本原理。