Global trade is of vital interest to citizens as well as policymakers, yet it is widely misunderstood. This compact exposition of the market forces underlying international commerce addresses both of these concerned groups, as well as the needs of students and scholars. Although it contains no equations, it is almost mathematical in its elegance, precision, and power of expression.
Understanding Global Trade provides a thorough explanation of what shapes the international organization of production and distribution and the resulting trade flows. It reviews the evolution of knowledge in this field from Adam Smith to today as a process of theoretical modeling, accumulation of new empirical data, and then revision of analytical frameworks in response to evidence and changing circumstances. It explains the sources of comparative advantage and how they lead countries to specialize in making products which they then sell to other countries. While foreign trade contributes to the overall welfare of a nation, it also creates winners and losers, and Helpman describes mechanisms through which trade affects a country's income distribution.
The book provides a clear and original account of the revolutions in trade theory of the 1980s and the most recent decade. It shows how scholars shifted the analysis of trade flows from the sectoral level to the business-firm level, to elucidate the growing roles of multinational corporations, offshoring, and outsourcing in the international division of labor. Helpman’s explanation of the latest research findings is essential for an understanding of world affairs.
“The explosion in global trade over the past few decades is the defining economic phenomenon of our lifetimes, yet even professional economists struggle to understand its complexities. Understanding Global Trade explains, in a clear and non-technical style, important and exciting insights from the frontiers of research in international trade. Anyone interested in understanding the nuances of globalization should read this book. Elhanan Helpman is an immensely influential researcher who has towered above the field of international trade for more than three decades. With this wonderful book, his research ideas, and those of others in the field, will become known to a whole new audience. ”
—Kenneth Rogoff, co-author of This Time is Different
“Elhanan Helpman is among the foremost trade theorists of his generation. In this splendid book, he demonstrates that he can also write successfully for the public. This is welcome news for those who value an informed democracy. ”
—Jagdish Bhagwati, author of In Defense of Globalization
“Elhanan Helpman’s Understanding Global Trade is a masterpiece of non-mathematical, fully understandable, but still rigorous, exposition. Within five chapters Helpman takes the reader from the classical theories of international trade, comparative advantage and Heckscher-Ohlin, to the modern theories that explain today’s global trading world--of multinational firms, of outsourcing and outshoring, of why some firms export and others remain firmly local--and why it matters. ”
—Stanley Fischer, Governor, Bank of Israel

《译文随笔:反对阐释》是苏珊•桑塔格最著名的文集之一，是奠定其美国“现有的目光最敏锐的论文家”地位的成名作，评论的锋芒遍及欧美先锋文学、戏剧、电影，集中体现了“新知识分子”“反对阐释”与以“新感受力”重估整个文学、艺术的革命性姿态和实绩。

This pioneering work, in hardback, by Jörg Guido Hülsmann, professor of economics at the University of Angers in France and the author of Mises: The Last knight of Liberalism, is the first full study of a critically important issue today: the ethics of money production.
He is speaking not in the colloquial sense of the phrase "making money," but rather the actual production of money as a commodity in the whole economic life. The choice of the money we use in exchange is not something that needs to be established and fixed by government.
In fact, his thesis is that a government monopoly on money production and management has no ethical or economic grounding at all. Legal tender laws, bailout guarantees, tax-backed deposit insurance, and the entire apparatus that sustains national monetary systems, has been wholly unjustified. Money, he argues, should be a privately produced good like any other, such as clothing or food.
In arguing this way, he is disputing centuries of assumptions about money for which an argument is rarely offered. People just assume that government or central banks operating under government control should manage money. Hulsmann explores monetary thought from the ancient world through the middle ages to modern times to show that the monopolists are wrong. There is a strong case in both economic and ethical terms for the idea that money production should be wholly private.
He takes on the "stabilization" advocates to show that government management doesn't lead to stability but to inflation and instability. He goes further to argue against even the theoretical case for stabilization, to say that money's value should be governed by the market, and that that the costs associated with private production are actually an advantage. He chronicles the decline of money once nationalized, from legally sanctioned counterfeiting to the creation of paper money all the way to hyperinflation. In his normative analysis, the author depends heavily on the monetary writings of 14th century Bishop Nicole Oresme, whose monetary writings have been overlooked even by historians of economic thought. He makes a strong case that "paper money has never been introduced through voluntary cooperation. In all known cases it has been introduced through coercion and compulsion, sometimes with the threat of the death penalty. … Paper money by its very nature involves the violation of property rights through monopoly and legal-tender privileges."
The book is also eerily prophetic of our times:
Consider the current U.S. real-estate boom. Many Americans are utterly convinced that American real estate is the one sure bet in economic life. No matter what happens on the stock market or in other strata of the economy, real estate will rise. They believe themselves to have found a bonanza, and the historical figures confirm this. Of course this belief is an illusion, but the characteristic feature of a boom is precisely that people throw any critical considerations overboard. They do not realize that their money producer—the Fed—has possibly already entered the early stages of hyperinflation, and that the only reason why this has been largely invisible was that most of the new money has been exported outside of the U.S… Because a paper-money producer can bail out virtually anybody, the citizens become reckless in their speculations; they count on him to bail them out, especially when many other people do the same thing. To fight such behavior effectively, one must abolish paper money. Regulations merely drive the reckless behavior into new channels.
Hulsmann has provided not only a primer in understanding our times, but a dramatic extension of the work of Menger, Mises, Hayek, Rothbard, and others to map out an economically radical and ethically challenging case for the complete separation of money and state, and a case for the privatization of money production. It is a sweeping and learned treatise that is rigorous, scholarly, and radical.
Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction
Money Production and Justice
Remarks about Relevant Literature
Part 1: The Natural Production of Money
Monies
The Division of Labor without Money
The Origin and Nature of Money
Natural Monies
Credit Money
Paper Money and the Free Market
Electronic Money
Money Certificates
Certificates Physically Integrated with Money
Certificates Physically Disconnected from Money
Money within the Market Process
Money Production and Prices
Scope and Limits of Money Production.
Distribution Effects
The Ethics of Producing Money
The Ethics of Using Money
Utilitarian Considerations on the Production of Money
The Sufficiency of Natural Money Production
Economic Growth and the Money Supply
Hoarding
Fighting Deflation
Sticky Prices
The Economics of Cheap Money
Monetary Stability
The Costs of Commodity Money
Part 2: Inflation
General Considerations on Inflation
The Origin and Nature of Inflation
The Forms of Inflation
Private Inflation: Counterfeiting Money Certificates
Debasement
Fractional-Reserve Certificates
Three Origins of Fractional-Reserve Banking
Indirect Benefits of Counterfeiting in a Free Society .
The Ethics of Counterfeiting
Enters the State: Fiat Inflation through Legal Privileges
Treacherous Clerks
Fiat Money and Fiat Money Certificates
Fiat Inflation and Fiat Deflation
Legalized Falsifications
Legalizing Debasement and Fractional Reserves
The Ethics of Legalizing Falsifications
Legal Monopolies
Economic Monopolies versus Legal Monopolies
Monopoly Bullion
Monopoly Certificates
The Ethics of Monetary Monopoly
Legal-Tender Laws
Fiat Equivalence and Gresham’s Law
Bimetallism
Legal-Tender Privileges for Money Certificates
Legal-Tender Privileges for Credit Money
Business Cycles
Moral Hazard, Cartelization, and Central Banks
Monopoly Legal Tender
The Ethics of Legal Tender
Legalized Suspensions of Payments
The Social Function of Bankruptcy
The Economics of Legalized Suspensions
The Ethics of Legalized Suspensions
Paper Money
The Origins and Nature of Paper Money
Reverse Transubstantiations
The Limits of Paper Money
Moral Hazard and Public Debts
Moral Hazard, Hyperinflation, and Regulation
The Ethics of Paper Money
The Cultural and Spiritual Legacy of Fiat Inflation
Inflation Habits
Hyper-Centralized Government
Fiat Inflation and War
Inflation and Tyranny
Race to the Bottom in Monetary Organization
Business under Fiat Inflation
The Debt Yoke
Some Spiritual Casualties of Fiat Inflation
Suffocating the Flame
Part 3: Monetary Order and Monetary Systems
Monetary Order
The Natural Order of Money Production
Cartels of Credit-Money Producers
Fiat Monetary Systems in the Realm of the Nation-State
Toward National Paper-Money Producers: European Experiences
Toward National Paper-Money Producers: American Experiences
The Problem of the Foreign Exchanges
International Banking Systems, 1871–1971
The Classical Gold Standard
The Gold-Exchange Standard
The System of Bretton Woods
Appendix: IMF and World Bank after Bretton Woods
International Paper-Money Systems, 1971– ?
The Emergence of Paper-Money Standards
Paper-Money Merger: The Case of the Euro
The Dynamics of Multiple Paper-Money Standards
Dead End of the World Paper-Money Union
Conclusion
Two Concepts of Capitalism
Monetary Reform
References
Index of Names
Index of Subjects

Rothbard's most famous monetary essay has appeared in multiple editions and influenced two generations of economists, investors, and businessmen. After presenting the basics of money and banking theory, he traces the decline of the dollar from the 18th century to the present, and provides lucid critiques of central banking, New Deal monetary policy, Nixonian fiat money, and fixed exchange rates. He also provides a blueprint for a return to a 100 percent reserve gold standard.

20世纪60年代人口爆炸和全球饥荒令人忧心忡忡，70年代资源枯竭甚嚣尘上，80年代酸雨来了，90年代轮到瘟疫。21世纪初，全世界为全球变暖集体焦虑。可是，这些恐慌（除了最后一个）全都来了又走了。人类只是运气太好吗？
主流的悲观论调宣称情况正在越变越糟，但他们已经这么说了整整两百年。
再看看实际情况。食品供给、收入和人均寿命步步走高，疾病、儿童死亡率和暴力事件轮番下降；生活必需品和奢侈品确实变得更便宜了；继亚洲摆脱贫困之后，非洲也跟上了它的脚步；互联网、手机和集装箱运输前所未有地丰富了人们的生活。生活实际上越变越好，全球皆然。
本书不光阐述了情况怎样越变越好，还解释了原因。繁荣来自人人为人人效力。始于十多万年前的交换和专业分工习惯，创造出加速改善人类生活水平的集体大脑。
这本大胆的书涵盖了人类的整个历史，从石器时代说到互联网，从旧制度的积重难返讲到蒸汽机的发明，从新近的人口爆炸谈到气候变化可能的后果。天灾人祸固然必不可免，但多亏了人类发明创造的无穷能力，21世纪必将实现巨大的经济繁荣，最可能发生的不是气候的灾难性变化，而是中国人、印度人、非洲人，都过得像美国人那样欣欣向荣。

在《大富时代:得克萨斯四大石油豪族的兴与衰》中，布赖恩·伯勒叙述了20世纪伟大的经济政治源泉——得州石油权势集团的兴衰过程。融得州四大豪族几代人的故事为一体，伯勒讲述了20世纪这个美国主导的世纪中一个有关金钱，家庭和权力的扣人心弦的故事。时人称为四巨头的罗伊·卡伦、H·L·亨特、克林特·默奇森和希德·理查森，个个出身卑微，最后却都成为得州最富有、最有影响力的石油家族的创建者。和同行一起，他们把美国的财富和权力扩张到南部和西部，为现代保守主义的崛起提供了大部分资金，还把三个土生土长的得州人送入白宫。作为一个社会阶层，他们后来被称为大富豪，还一起创造了美国的新传说：耀武扬威的得州石油巨头拥有私人岛屿、广阔的牧场，或许还有一两支橄榄球队，和总统以及好莱坞明星相交甚厚。
真实情况比神话更神奇。H·L·亨特从得州最大油田的发现者那里把油田攫取过来，一步步发展成为美国首富：他一生拥有多个妻子。克林特·默奇森在自己的墨西哥庄园招待英国王室成员，还跟胡佛一起参与赌马，甚至进行肮脏交易。小学就辍学的卡伦用自己的数百万美元来重振倒霉的得州共和党，他还是参议员麦卡锡早期的也是重要的支持者。四大家族中最具传奇色彩、最爱玩乐的单身汉理查森和很多位总统都是好朋友，其中包括最具决定性的林登·约翰逊。凭借他在约翰逊崛起过程中投入的数量空前的献金，理查森永久性地改变了金钱影响政治的方式。
四巨头的后代出现在头条新闻中的频率要远远超过他们自己，而且有几个后代的收入也远远超过了他们。除了个别例外情况，这些家族的财富都先后因为痛苦的家族仇恨、丑闻、破产等原因被终结，到20世纪80年代后期，大富豪时代已经彻底结束。但是，正如得州本土作家布赖恩·伯勒在这本非常引人人胜的著作中揭示的，即使在当今时代，得州石油集团仍然发挥着巨大的经济、政治和文化影响力。

本书收录了人类学、建筑学、艺术学、艺术史、地理学和历史学领域的国际一流学者著作，考察分析了中国人居室环境的物理、社会和象征功能。所涉论题极广，举凡传统园林，造房仪式和风水，建筑美学，家具与建筑的关系，古民居的保护，家庭结构及其变化，性别与居室空间分布，家族在礼仪和社会空间中的作用，空间区隔的功用和意义，家庭内部空间安排与隐私，等等。全书图文并茂，占据本书近半篇幅的插图中不乏珍稀照片，集中反映了古今中国的建筑空间和生活方式。读者可借本书了解中国人如何组织家庭，如何建构生活空间，深入理解“何为中国人”这一永恒命题。

A million copy seller, Henry Hazlitt’s Economics in One Lesson is a classic economic primer. But it is also much more, having become a fundamental influence on modern “libertarian” economics of the type espoused by Ron Paul and others.
Considered among the leading economic thinkers of the “Austrian School,” which includes Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich (F.A.) Hayek, and others, Henry Hazlitt (1894-1993), was a libertarian philosopher, an economist, and a journalist. He was the founding vice-president of the Foundation for Economic Education and an early editor of The Freeman magazine, an influential libertarian publication. Hazlitt wrote Economics in One Lesson , his seminal work, in 1946. Concise and instructive, it is also deceptively prescient and far-reaching in its efforts to dissemble economic fallacies that are so prevalent they have almost become a new orthodoxy.
Many current economic commentators across the political spectrum have credited Hazlitt with foreseeing the collapse of the global economy which occurred more than 50 years after the initial publication of Economics in One Lesson . Hazlitt’s focus on non-governmental solutions, strong — and strongly reasoned — anti-deficit position, and general emphasis on free markets, economic liberty of individuals, and the dangers of government intervention make Economics in One Lesson , every bit as relevant and valuable today as it has been since publication.

Why do people dodge responsibility when things fall apart? Why the parade of public figures unable to own up when they make mistakes? Why the endless marital quarrels over who is right? Why can we see hypocrisy in others but not in ourselves? Are we all liars? Or do we really believe the stories we tell? Renowned social psychologists Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson take a compelling look into how the brain is wired for self-justification. When we make mistakes, we must calm the cognitive dissonance that jars our feelings of self-worth. And so we create fictions that absolve us of responsibility, restoring our belief that we are smart, moral, and right - a belief that often keeps us on a course that is dumb, immoral, and wrong. Backed by years of research and delivered in lively, energetic prose, "Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me)" offers a fascinating explanation of self-deception - how it works, the harm it can cause, and how we can overcome it.

《一课经济学》是美国著名经济专栏作家亨利•黑兹利特专为社会大众撰写的经济学入门读物。全书包括三大部分26章，以一堂课的形式，深入浅出地讨论了涉及现实社会经济生活的诸多问题，例如公共建设工程、税收、政府信贷、就业与失业、关税、最低工资、进出口、价格体系、房租管制、工会、最低工资、利润、储蓄、通货膨胀等，以最简单的阐述方式，向读者逐次解读这些复杂的经济问题背后的真相、什么样的经济政策会造成什么样的结果。
同时，针对那些广为流传的经济理论或学说中存在的谬误，黑兹利特进行了毫不留情的揭露、批驳，从而帮助社会大众更了解经济世界运作的法则。

内容简介
在这本里程碑式的著作中，诺思提出了一种新的理解经济变迁过程的方式。二十年前，道格拉斯•诺思通过揭示经济绩效大体上是由支撑市场的制度类型及质量所决定的，激发了经济史上的一场革命。正如他在开启新制度经济学之门的两本经典著作中所表明的，产权和交易成本是基本的决定因素。这里，诺思阐释了不同社会是如何形成制度性基础的，这种制度性基础在很大程度上决定了它们的经济轨迹。
诺思认为，经济变迁在很大程度上依赖于适应性效率，即一个社会在创造生产性的、稳定的、公平的以及广为接受的制度上的有效性——而且更为重要的是，这些制度要足够灵活，从而在应对政治和经济反馈时能够被变更或被取代。虽然坚持了早期对制度的定义，即制度是约束人类行为的正式或非正式的规则，但是为了探究这些规则的演化以及经济变迁的深层次决定因素，诺思拓展了先前的研究。利用心理学家的最新研究成果，诺思把意向性作为关键变量，揭示了意向性是怎样成为社会学习的结果及其随后是怎样影响经济的制度基础的，进而影响其对不断变化的环境的适应能力。
本书不仅解释了过去的制度变迁，而且解释了当今各经济体之间的不同经济绩效。因此，这部大作也是改进发展中国家绩效的重要指南。
名家评介
这本由大师创作的简短著作将为人们广泛阅读、探讨和争论。它大胆地迈向很少有人涉足的领域，是一本比经济增长甚至是经济史更加雄心勃勃的著作。它的主题是经济变迁，并且敢于提出那些对于专业人士而言仍将迷惑多年的论题。
——乔尔•莫可里，西北大学
正如诺思早期的经典著作《制度与制度变迁》引起了主导90年代的理解制度的革命一样，他的新著——《理解经济变迁过程》 ——寻求同样革命性的变迁。现在，诺思把认知成分融入这种分析：意识是怎样运行的，我们是怎样形成有关世界的信念和理解的，以及社会怎样解决——或没有解决——它们所面临的问题的。本书是诺思的上乘之作。
——巴里•温加斯特，斯坦福大学政治学教授
在这本著作中，诺思再一次开创了经济研究的新前沿。他提倡探究人类意识，以寻求关于个体和社会获取的知识如何在文化上和制度上影响变迁过程的理解。他勇敢地闯入了大多数经济学家比较陌生的领域，如社会心理学和认知科学，并用这些发现深化了我们对当今时代最为迫切的经济问题的理解：现代技术有巨大的生产能力，可是为何许多经济体仍然未能实现繁荣？
——阿夫纳•格雷夫，斯坦福大学
这本著作使诺思的研究历程达到了顶点，并指明了解决当今经济学中最有价值但也最不易解决的问题的方向：制度是如何演化的。当第一次读这本著作时，我立即发现了它对我研究工作的意义，并开始反思有关经济体及其政府如何相互联系的几个基本想法。从诺思那里学到的东西改变了我们的思考方式，这种改变是对其智力影响的最好测度。
——约翰•约瑟夫•沃利斯，马里兰大学

《人类行为的经济分析》集中体现并代表了贝克尔的学术思想和学术成就，这是因为，首先，贝克尔在本书中第一次明确阐述了他的研究方法，他的那些研究成果不过是这种研究方法的逻辑延伸和具体化，换言之，读者完全可以循着这一思路在人文科学领域里进行任何一个问题的研究；其次，《人类行为的经济分析》是一部特殊的文集，绝大部分章节的内容由贝克尔从他已发表的诸多论述中精心采撷、编篡而成，各个章节具有相对独立性，各章之间又彼此关联。

编辑推荐：本书是美国著名经济学家、诺贝尔经济学奖获得者诺思与人合作的一部经济发展中著述。作者在书中深入地考辨了西方经济的发展与财产权属关系演化的联系，作者从历史发展进路的角度，实在地揭示出，西方经济在近代以降之所以有突破性的发展，完全在于财产权属确定性的不断明晰。这一观点虽不能说具有殊多新意，惟其实在论方法尤其具有说服力。

"Shermer is savage about the shortcomings of intelligent design and eloquent about the spirituality of science . . . An invaluable primer."--"Los Angeles Times Book Review""" Science is on the defensive. Half of Americans reject the theory of evolution and intelligent-design campaigns are gaining ground. Classroom by classroom, creationism is overthrowing biology. In "Why Darwin Matters," bestselling author Michael Shermer decodes the scientific evidence to show that evolution is not "just a theory" and illustrates how it achieves the design of life through the bottom-up process of natural selection. Shermer, once an evangelical Christian and a creationist, argues that intelligent-design proponents are invoking a combination of bad science, political antipathy, and flawed theology. He refutes their pseudoscientific arguments and then demonstrates why conservatives and people of faith can and should embrace evolution. Cutting the politics away from the facts, "Why Darwin Matters" is an incisive examination of what is at stake in the debate over evolution.

Bestselling author Michael Shermer explains how evolution shaped the modern economy-and why people are so irrational about money How did we make the leap from ancient hunter-gatherers to modern consumers and traders? Why do people get so emotional and irrational about bottom-line financial and business decisions? Is the capitalist marketplace a sort of Darwinian organism, evolved through natural selection as the fittest way to satisfy our needs? In this eye-opening exploration, author and psychologist Michael Shermer uncovers the evolutionary roots of our economic behavior. Drawing on the new field of neuroeconomics, Shermer investigates what brain scans reveal about bargaining, snap purchases, and establishing trust in business. He scrutinizes experiments in behavioral economics to understand why people hang on to losing stocks, why negotiations disintegrate into tit-for-tat disputes, and why money does not make us happy. He brings together astonishing findings from psychology, biology, and other sciences to describe how our tribal ancestry makes us suckers for brands, why researchers believe cooperation unleashes biochemicals similar to those released during sex, why free trade promises to build alliances between nations, and how even capuchin monkeys get indignant if they don't get a fair reward for their work.

僵尸生存手册
别让愚蠢和粗心大意毁了你最宝贵的财富--生命。不死的僵尸们现在可能就在跟踪你，而你毫不知情，这本书是你存活的关键。僵尸生存手册提供了完整的、可靠的保护措施，保护你和你的爱人免遭僵尸之灾。这是一本能救你命的书。
僵尸攻击逃生10大要点：
1.在它们来袭之前做好计划
2.它们不会感到害怕，你也不要害怕
3.运用你的头脑。。砍下它们的
4.刀具不需要时间装填弹药
5.理想的防护：短发、紧身衣
6.走上楼梯，然后毁掉楼梯
7.离开汽车，用自行车
8.不停移动，放低身体，保持安静，保持警惕！
9.没有绝对的安全之地，只有相对的
10.僵尸可能暂时离开，但威胁一直存在

Richard Thaler challenges the received economic wisdom by revealing many of the paradoxes that abound even in the most painstakingly constructed transactions. He presents literate, challenging, and often funny examples of such anomalies as why the winners at auctions are often the real losers - they pay too much and suffer the "winner's curse" - why gamblers bet on long shots at the end of a losing day, why shoppers will save on one appliance only to pass up the identical savings on another, and why sports fans who wouldn't pay more than $200 for a Super Bowl ticket wouldn't sell one they own for less than $400. He also demonstrates that markets do not always operate with the traplike efficiency we impute to them.