《马氏文通》出版已经有八十多年了，可还是值得一读。它是我国第一部讲语法的书，研究中国语法学史的人当然非读不可。可是我说值得一读不是这个意思，我不是把它当作考古学标本向读者推荐的。我推荐它是因为我们还可以从它学到些东西。
首先，《文通》收集了大量的古汉语例句，大约有七千到八千句。比它后出来的讲古汉语语法的书好像还没有一本里边的例句有它的多。这些例句里边有不少，作者没有作出令人满意的分析，就是现在也仍然缺乏令人满意的分析。但是《文通》把它们摆了出来，而后出的书，包括我自己的，却把它们藏起来了。也许，为了教学的方便，不能不这样做，但是对于这门科学的进步，这种做法显然是不足取的。
其次，《文通》的作者不以分类和举例为满足，他要尝试指出其中的规律。例如，疑问代词作宾语，位置在动词之前；否定句里代词作宾语，位置在动词之前；都是《文通》第一次系统地论述的。又如吾、我、予、余用法的异同，尔、汝、若、而用法的异同，作者都尽可能加以分辨。有时连很容易被人忽略的细节也不放过，例如他说：“吾、我、予之为偏次也，概无之字为间，而余字有之，故特表之。”尽管这些规律不见得概括得很周到，这种精神是令人钦佩的。
又其次，作者不愿意把自己局限在严格意义的语法范围之内，常常要涉及修辞。例如他说：“偏正两次之间，之字参否无常。惟语欲其偶，便于口诵，故偏正两奇，合之为偶者，则不参之字。凡正次欲求醒目者，概参之字。”又如：“樊哙传，《史记》云：‘东攻秦军于尸，南攻秦军于犨’，《汉书》云：‘东攻秦军尸乡，南攻秦军于犨。’曰‘尸’曰‘犨’，两地名皆单字，皆加于字以足之；至‘尸乡’，则双字矣，不加于字者，殆为此耶？”又如：“凡外动字之转词记其行之所赖用者，则介以以字。置先动字者常也，盖必有所赖用而后其行乃发，故先之。《孟子•尽心上》：‘柳下惠不以三公易其介’……诸句，其转词皆介以字。又若《尽心上》：‘附之以韩魏之家’……诸句，转词介以以字置于止词之后者，盖止词概为代字，而转词又皆长于止词，句意未絶耳。”又如：“《孟子•滕文公下》：‘梓匠轮舆，其志将以求食也’……于义当云‘梓匠轮舆之志……’，用其字，所以缓其气也。”这样的话，全书很多。语法和修辞是邻近的学科。把语法和修辞分开，有利于科学的发展；把语法和修辞打通，有利于作文的教学。后者是中国的古老传统，也是晚近许多学者所倡导，在这件事情上，《文通》可算是有承先启后之功。
《马氏文通》也有它的缺点。比如，它用“字”表示汉字和语词两个意义，它把皆、众、具、悉、徧、都、咸都归入代词，等等。这些都容易看出来，也可以不算大毛病。对读者说来，主要缺点有两个。第一，《文通》分析句子成分，既有“起词、止词、表词、转词”这一套，又有“主次、宾次、偏次、同次”这一套，体系殊欠分明，论述自难清晰。第二，“句”和“读”轇轕不清，虽经何容(《中国文法论》作者)爬梳，其间仍多疑义，只要细读卷一和卷十所列整段文字所加句、读，就知道这个问题还远远没有闹清楚。
至于书中取例不分时代，论述自然笼统，那当然是不够科学。可要是想到在《文通》问世八十多年之后的今天，我们在这方面也还没有比它前进多少，那末，我们就更应该多要求自己而少责备《文通》的作者了。

方言校笺，ISBN：9787101010091，作者：周祖谟校笺

这本文集共收文章四十四篇，包括有关汉语文字音韵训诂三方面的论文、札记和书籍的序跋。其中有一部分曾在一九五七年编为汉语音韵文集，这些文章，以在一九三四年至一九四九年之间所写的居多。有些是关于书籍或资料的考证和校订，有些是问题的探讨，有些是对前人著述的评论。大抵从考察和分析材料入手，进而论述材料所反映的语言现象，以供学者参考。

This thoroughly updated third edition presents the main theories of language acquisition, considering their bearing on language teaching. It discusses the effects of factors such as intelligence, personality, and age. It helps teachers assess the merits of different methods and textbooks.
This new edition includes more information on theories of first language acquisition and early bilingualism, and the affects of motivation and style.

If you can't prove something, it is literally senseless - so argues Ayer in this irreverent and electrifying book. Statements are either true by definition (as in maths), or can be verified by direct experience. Ayer rejected metaphysical claims about god, the absolute, and objective values as completely nonsensical. Ayer was only 24 when he finished LANGUAGE, TRUTH & LOGIC, yet it shook the foundations of Anglo-American philosophy and made its author notorious. It became a classic text, cleared away the cobwebs in philosophical thinking, and has been enormously influential.

There are few more important philosophers at work today than John Searle, a creative and contentious thinker who has shaped the way we think about mind and language. Now he offers a profound understanding of how we create a social reality--a reality of money, property, governments, marriages, stock markets and cocktail parties. The paradox he addresses in Making the Social World is that these facts only exist because we think they exist and yet they have an objective existence. Continuing a line of investigation begun in his earlier book The Construction of Social Reality, Searle identifies the precise role of language in the creation of all "institutional facts." His aim is to show how mind, language and civilization are natural products of the basic facts of the physical world described by physics, chemistry and biology. Searle explains how a single linguistic operation, repeated over and over, is used to create and maintain the elaborate structures of human social institutions. These institutions serve to create and distribute power relations that are pervasive and often invisible. These power relations motivate human actions in a way that provides the glue that holds human civilization together. Searle then applies the account to show how it relates to human rationality, the freedom of the will, the nature of political power and the existence of universal human rights. In the course of his explication, he asks whether robots can have institutions, why the threat of force so often lies behind institutions, and he denies that there can be such a thing as a "state of nature" for language-using human beings.

王浩（1921—1995），美籍华裔数学家、逻辑学家、计算机科学家、哲学家。1921年生于山东济南市。1943年毕业于西南联合大学数学系。1945年于清华大学研究生院哲学系毕业。曾师从金岳霖、王宪钧、沈有鼎等。1946年赴哈佛大学留学，师从蒯因（W. V. O. Quine），两年时间即获哈佛大学哲学博士学位。在哈佛短暂教学之后赴苏黎世与贝奈斯（Paul Bernays）一起工作。1954年—1956年，在牛津大学任第二届约翰•洛克讲座主讲，又任逻辑及数理哲学高级教职，主持数学基础讨论班。1961年—1967年，任哈佛大学教授。1967年—1991年，任洛克菲勒大学逻辑学教授。20世纪50年代初被选为美国科学院院士，后又被选为不列颠科学院外国院士。1983 年，被国际人工智能联合会授予第一届“数学定理机械证明里程碑奖”，以表彰他在数学定理机械证明研究领域中所作的开创性贡献。著有《数理逻辑概论》、《从数学到哲学》、《哥德尔》、《超越分析哲学》等专著。

One of the best short story collections of the last ten years, back in print in a new edition.

Why is so much writing so bad, and how can we make it better? Is the English language being corrupted by texting and social media? Do the kids today even care about good writing? Why should any of us care?
In The Sense of Style, the bestselling linguist and cognitive scientist Steven Pinker answers these questions and more. Rethinking the usage guide for the twenty-first century, Pinker doesn’t carp about the decline of language or recycle pet peeves from the rulebooks of a century ago. Instead, he applies insights from the sciences of language and mind to the challenge of crafting clear, coherent, and stylish prose.
In this short, cheerful, and eminently practical book, Pinker shows how writing depends on imagination, empathy, coherence, grammatical knowhow, and an ability to savor and reverse engineer the good prose of others. He replaces dogma about usage with reason and evidence, allowing writers and editors to apply the guidelines judiciously, rather than robotically, being mindful of what they are designed to accomplish.
Filled with examples of great and gruesome prose, Pinker shows us how the art of writing can be a form of pleasurable mastery and a fascinating intellectual topic in its own right.

Human communication is grounded in fundamentally cooperative, even shared, intentions. In this original and provocative account of the evolutionary origins of human communication, Michael Tomasello connects the fundamentally cooperative structure of human communication (initially discovered by Paul Grice) to the especially cooperative structure of human (as opposed to other primate) social interaction. Tomasello argues that human cooperative communication rests on a psychological infrastructure of shared intentionality (joint attention, common ground), evolved originally for collaboration and culture more generally. The basic motives of the infrastructure are helping and sharing: humans communicate to request help, inform others of things helpfully, and share attitudes as a way of bonding within the cultural group. These cooperative motives each created different functional pressures for conventionalizing grammatical constructions. Requesting help in the immediate you-and-me and here-and-now, for example, required very little grammar, but informing and sharing required increasingly complex grammatical devices. Drawing on empirical research into gestural and vocal communication by great apes and human infants (much of it conducted by his own research team), Tomasello argues further that humans' cooperative communication emerged first in the natural gestures of pointing and pantomiming. Conventional communication, first gestural and then vocal, evolved only after humans already possessed these natural gestures and their shared intentionality infrastructure along with skills of cultural learning for creating and passing along jointly understood communicative conventions. Challenging the Chomskian view that linguistic knowledge is innate, Tomasello proposes instead that the most fundamental aspects of uniquely human communication are biological adaptations for cooperative social interaction in general and that the purely linguistic dimensions of human communication are cultural conventions and constructions created by and passed along within particular cultural groups.

Winner of the 2002 Eleanor Maccoby Book Award in Developmental Psychology presented by Division 7 (Developmental Psychology Division) of the American Psychological Association (APA). The award is given to the author of a book in the field of psychology that has had or promises to have a profound effect on one or more of the areas represented by Division 7 of the APA. and Winner of the 2000 Professional/Scholarly Publishing Division Annual Awards Competition in the category of Psychology, presented by the Association of American Publishers, Inc.
How do children learn that the word "dog" refers not to all four-legged animals, and not just to Ralph, but to all members of a particular species? How do they learn the meanings of verbs like "think," adjectives like "good," and words for abstract entities such as "mortgage" and "story"? The acquisition of word meaning is one of the fundamental issues in the study of mind.
According to Paul Bloom, children learn words through sophisticated cognitive abilities that exist for other purposes. These include the ability to infer others' intentions, the ability to acquire concepts, an appreciation of syntactic structure, and certain general learning and memory abilities. Although other researchers have associated word learning with some of these capacities, Bloom is the first to show how a complete explanation requires all of them. The acquisition of even simple nouns requires rich conceptual, social, and linguistic capacities interacting in complex ways.
This book requires no background in psychology or linguistics and is written in a clear, engaging style. Topics include the effects of language on spatial reasoning, the origin of essentialist beliefs, and the young child's understanding of representational art. The book should appeal to general readers interested in language and cognition as well as to researchers in the field.

Words, Thoughts, and Theories articulates and defends the "theory theory" of cognitive and semantic development, the idea that infants and young children, like scientists, learn about the world by forming and revising theories, a view of the origins of knowledge and meaning that has broad implications for cognitive science.Gopnik and Meltzoff interweave philosophical arguments and empirical data from their own and other's research. Both the philosophy and the psychology, the arguments and the data, address the same fundamental epistemological question: How do we come to understand the world around us?Recently, the theory theory has led to much interesting research. However, this is the first book to look at the theory in extensive detail and to systematically contrast it with other theories. It is also the first to apply the theory to infancy and early childhood, to use the theory to provide a framework for understanding semantic development, and to demonstrate that language acquisition influences theory change in children.The authors show that children just beginning to talk are engaged in profound restructurings of several domains of knowledge. These restructurings are similar to theory changes in science, and they influence children's early semantic development, since children's cognitive concerns shape and motivate their use of very early words. But, in addition, children pay attention to the language they hear around them and this too reshapes their cognition, and causes them to reorganize their theories.

In this landmark work on early conceptual and lexical development, Ellen Markman explores the fascinating problem of how young children succeed at the task of inducing concepts. Backed by extensive experimental results, she challenges the fundamental assumptions of traditional theories of language acquisition and proposes that a set of constraints or principles of induction allows children to efficiently integrate knowledge and to induce information about new examples of familiar categories.Ellen M. Markman is Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.

500個與「人」有關的漢字＋超過5,000個甲骨文、金文、篆文
收納在2張漢字樹狀圖！
一個台大電機系畢業、專精於電腦的「理工人」，在偶然的機會接觸了被認為許多從事文學創作研究的作家、專家也視為畏途的「文字學」，產生了濃厚的興趣；順著歷來各家的研究，進入了漢字構型的世界，流連忘返。隨著心得漸增，心頭的不解疑團也越來越多。
於是，他引入電腦強大的彙編整理能力，有系統地梳理漢字的構件，試圖找出解釋力更強的說法，在這個過程中，也越加感受到部首的限制與誤導。
部首是一個字組成的構件之一，因為有許多字都有，因而成為漢字分類的標記。但是，屬於同一個部首的字，彼此之間卻未必有關連。反之，有些看似不同的字，從漢字的演化發展來看，卻是關係密切。
作者長年浸淫在文字學的天地，尋索字與字之間的邏輯關連，濃縮在書中的「漢字樹狀圖」中。再透過作者清晰簡要的說明，即使對於在文字學毫無根基的讀者，也可以憑著自身對中文母語的使用經驗，得到許多新奇的發現與樂趣。